The notion of Virtue presents more complexity and difficulty, and
requires to be discussed from different points of view. We may begin
by noticing that there seem to be some particular virtues (such as
Generosity) which may be realised in acts objectively--though not
subjectively--wrong, from want of insight into their consequences: and
even some (such as Courage) which may be exhibited in wrong acts that
are known by the agent to be such. But though the contemplation of such
acts excites in us a quasi-moral admiration, in the latter case we
certainly should not call them virtuous, and it is doubtful whether we
should do so in the former case, if we were using the term strictly.
It will therefore involve no material deviation from usage, if we
limit the term “Virtue” to qualities exhibited in right conduct:[172]
accordingly I propose to adopt this limitation in subsequent
discussions.
How far, then, are we to regard the spheres of Duty and Virtue (thus
defined) as co-extensive? To a great extent they undoubtedly are so,
in the common application of the terms, but not altogether: since in
its common use each term seems to include something excluded from the
other. We should scarcely say that it was virtuous--under ordinary
circumstances--to pay one’s debts, or give one’s children a decent
education, or keep one’s aged parents from starving; these being duties
which most men perform, and only bad men neglect. On the other hand,
there are acts of high and noble virtue which we commonly regard as
going beyond the strict duty of the agent; since, while we praise their
performance, we do not condemn their non-performance. Here, however,
a difficulty seems to arise; for we should not deny that it is, in
some sense, a man’s strict duty to do whatever action he judges most
excellent, so far as it is in his power.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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