Jackson's Ideas Concerning Internal Improvements--The Maysville Road Bill--The Slavery Question not Involved in the Vote on the Bill or in the Veto--Railway Building Begun--The Commencement of the Struggle for the Repeal of the Tariff of 1828--Jackson on the Tariff of 1828, in his First Annual Message--George McDuffie as South Carolina's Political Economist--Dr. Thomas Cooper--Mr. McDuffie's Tariff Bill--The Tariff Bill of 1830--McDuffie's Amendment--McDuffie's Doctrine that the Producers of Exports Pay Finally the Duties on the Imports--The Acceptance of Mr. McDuffie's Doctrine at the South--Growing Belief in the Incapacity of Slave Labor for Manufacture--The Tariff Pronounced Unconstitutional--Growth of the Protection Idea--Jackson on the Tariff and the Surplus Revenue Derived therefrom, in the Message of December, 1830--Southern Disappointment--"The South Carolina Exposition"--Calhoun's Doctrine of "States' rights"--Nullification in Theory--The Nullification and Anti-nullification Parties in South Carolina--First Attempt to try the Validity of the Tariff in the United States Courts--Nullification and Rebellion--Jackson's Message of December, 1831, on the Tariff Issue--The Bill from the Committee on Ways and Means--The Tariff Bill of 1832 from the Committee on Manufactures--Passage of the Tariff of 1832 by the House of Representatives--The "American System." [Sidenote: Jackson's ideas concerning internal improvements.] In his first annual message President Jackson referred to the general dissatisfaction with the manner of {167} dealing with the question of internal improvements which had prevailed to that time, and proposed that the general Government should abandon the subject entirely and should distribute the surplus of the revenue, above the wants of the Government, among the Commonwealths, and leave to them the expenditure of the money upon internal improvements. [Sidenote: The Maysville Road Bill.] The Congress, however, paid no regard to the President's recommendation. In May, 1830, it sent up to the President for his approval a bill authorizing and requiring the Government to take stock in a Kentucky turnpike, running from Maysville on the Ohio River to Lexington, some sixty miles inward. [Sidenote: The veto of the Bill.]