Not only are ocean’s depths calm and free from storms; not only are they black with midnight darkness; not only are they heavy with the weight of miles of water overhead; but also for the most part they are cold. Changes from season to season, like changes of weather, are superficial. At a depth of about six hundred feet, Seasons have ceased to be. There, summer and winter, autumn and spring, exist no longer. The dead level of calm and darkness is also a dead level of uniform weather and unalterable climate. Where changes of cold and heat do come about, they are very uncertain, and usually they are due to other causes than those which bring about the succession of seasons upon Earth. Many remarkable facts have lately come to light with respect to Ocean’s temperatures. In far northern and far southern regions, near the two poles, the whole sea is very cold. One might expect the converse of this in tropical regions--a whole sea intensely warm. But this we do not find. The shallower parts--those included in the hundred-fathom limit--may be nearly as warm below as above. When, however, deep-sea soundings are made, when the registering thermometer is despatched on its mission of inquiry miles below the surface, then the report brought up is generally of great cold. In almost all deeper parts, the tale is told of a frigid under-layer,--of water nearly and sometimes quite down to the freezing-point of fresh water. This, not only in Polar Seas, not only in Temperate Oceans, but in the hottest portions of the Tropics. The Atlantic, near the equator, is icy in its depths. A reckoning has been made that, if the floor of the whole ocean, omitting shallower parts, could be divided into one hundred equal portions, ninety-two of those portions would be found covered by water at a temperature of less than 40°; and only eight of them would lie under warm water. The vast mass of the ocean is cold, with a thin warm layer over certain districts. Little doubt can there be that this under-layer is largely fed from polar regions. We know that cold ocean-rivers pour from north-polar regions to the south, both in the Atlantic and in the Pacific. A general creeping under-flow of icy waters towards the equator evidently balances the general surface drift of warm waters towards the poles. Since cold water is heavier than warm, it would naturally find its way to lower depths, leaving the warm light liquid to float on the top. In the Mediterranean Sea a marked contrast is found. There no ice-cold layer is spread over the bottom; and the water in its uttermost depths--over two miles and a quarter--does not sink below the temperature of 54° F. The heat of the sun in South Europe can hardly be compared with the heat of the sun over the Indian Ocean. Yet the latter has water far below the surface down to at least 35°.