Some species begin their fall migrations early in July, and in some parts of the country distinct southward movements can be detected from then until the beginning or middle of winter. For example, many shore birds start south in the early part of July, while the goshawks (_Astur atricapillus_), snowy owls (_Nyctea nyctea_), redpolls (_Acanthis linaria_), Bohemian waxwings (_Bombycilia garrula_), and many others do not leave the North until forced to do so by the advent of severe winter weather or by lack of the customary food. Thus, an observer in the northern part of the United States may record an almost unbroken southward procession of birds from midsummer to winter, and note some of the returning migrants as early as the middle of February. Purple martins (_Progne subis_) have been known to arrive in Florida late in January on their way north, and the northern movement may continue among late arrivals into the first week of June. In some species the migration is so prolonged that the first arrivals in the southern part of the breeding range will have performed their parental duties while others of that species are still on their way north. A study of these facts indicates that sometimes there exists a very definite relationship between what we may term northern and southern groups of individuals of the same species. A supposition, on which additional banding work is expected later to give definite facts, is that in the case of some species that have an extensive latitudinal breeding range and a normal migration, the individuals that nest farthest south migrate first in fall and proceed to the southern part of the winter range; those that occupy the central parts of the breeding range migrate next, and travel to regions in the winter range north of those occupied by the first group; and finally the individuals breeding farthest north are the last to begin their fall migration and these remain farthest north during the winter. In other words, this theory supposes that the southward movement of the species is normally such that the different groups maintain their relative latitudinal positions, both spring and fall. [Illustration: B4503M Figure 2.--Summer and winter homes of the black-and-white warbler. A very slow migrant, as the birds nesting in the northern part of the country take 50 days to cross the breeding range. The rapidity of their advance is shown in figure 3.]