Some investigators have asserted that the sense of direction has its seat in the ears or nasal passages and thus that the bird is enabled to identify air currents and other phenomena. It has been found that disturbance of the columella, or the semicircular canals of the inner ear, will destroy the homing instinct of the racing pigeon, but experiments in the form of delicate operations, or closing the ears with wax, prove such a serious shock to the sensitive nervous system of the bird that they cannot be considered as affording conclusive evidence. Several years ago careful studies were made of the homing instinct of the sooty and noddy terns (_Sterna fuscata_ and _Anoüs stolidus_), tropical species that in the Atlantic region reach their most northern breeding point on the Dry Tortugas Islands, off the southwest coast of Florida. They are not known to wander regularly any appreciable distance farther north. It was found that some were able to return to their nests on the Tortugas after they had been taken on board ship, confined in cages below deck, and carried northward distances varying from 400 to 800 miles before being released. Landmarks of all lands were entirely lacking, and the birds certainly were liberated in a region in which they had had no previous experience. Possibly the "homing instinct" as shown by these terns, by the man-of-war birds (_Fregata minor_), that are trained and used as message carriers in the Tuamotu, Gilbert, and Marshall Islands, and by the homing pigeon, is not identical with the sense of perceptive orientation that figures in the flights of migratory birds. Nevertheless, it seems closely akin and is probably caused by the same impulses, whatever they may be and however they may be received. It is to be remembered, however, that while homing may involve flight from a point that the bird has never before visited, the flight is always to a known point — that is, the bird's nest— while, on the other hand, the first migratory flight is always from the region of the bird's birth to a region it has never before visited. The spring migration might, of course, be more nearly considered as true "homing." At the present time some students lean strongly toward the possible existence of a "magnetic sense" as being the important factor in the power of geographical orientation. No direct evidence in support of this has been obtained, but it is not impossible that there may exist some form of physiological sensibility to the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism. The theory as laid down (chiefly by European investigators) is highly complex, but briefly stated it is based on a supposed sensitiveness of birds to the magnetic influences that cause variations in the declination and dip of magnetic needles. Some experimental work already done lends a little support to the theory but it is still far from established.