The difference in characters between subspecies has been used by students of migration to discover other interesting facts concerning variations of the migratory flight between closely related birds that breed in different latitudes. The familiar eastern fox sparrow (_Passerella iliaca iliaca_), for example, breeds from northwestern Alaska to Labrador, and in winter is found concentrated in the southeastern part of the United States. It thus travels a long distance each year. On the west coast of the continent, however, six subspecies of this bird breed in rather sharply delimited ranges, extending from the region of Puget Sound and Vancouver Island to Unimak Island, at the end of the Alaska Peninsula. One of these, known as the sooty fox sparrow (_P. i. fuliginosa_), breeds in the Puget Sound area and makes practically no migration at all, while the other races, nesting on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, are found in winter chiefly in California. The races that breed farthest north are in winter found farthest south, illustrating a tendency for those birds that are forced to migrate to pass over those so favorably located that they have no need to leave their breeding areas, while the northern birds settle for the winter in the unoccupied areas farther south (fig. 12). Another example of the same kind is found in the case of the Maryland yellowthroat (_Geothlypis trichas_) of the Atlantic coast. Birds occupying the most southern part of the general range are almost nonmigratory, residing throughout the year in Florida, while those breeding as far north as Newfoundland go to the West Indies for the winter, thus passing directly over the home of their southern relatives. [Illustration: B4774AM Figure 12.--Migration of Pacific-coast forms of the fox sparrow. The breeding ranges of the different races are encircled by solid lines, while the winter ranges are dotted. The numbers indicate the areas used by the different subspecies, as follows: 1, Shumagin fox sparrow; 2, Kodiak fox sparrow; 3, Valdez fox sparrow; 4, Yakutat fox sparrow; 5, Townsend fox sparrow; 6, sooty fox sparrow. (After Swarth; courtesy of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California.)] The palm warbler (_Dendroica, palmarum_), which breeds from Nova Scotia and Maine west and northwest to southern Mackenzie, has been separated into two subspecies. Those breeding in the interior of Canada (_D. p. palmarum_) make a 3,000-mile journey from Great Slave Lake to Cuba, passing through the Gulf States early in October. After the bulk have passed, the palm warblers from the Northeastern States and Provinces (_D. p. hypochrysea_) drift slowly into the Gulf coast region, where they remain for the winter. Their migratory journey is about half as long as that of the northwestern subspecies.