While it is beyond question that certain general directions of flight are constantly followed by migratory birds, it is well to remember that the term "migration route" is to some extent a theoretical concept, concerned entirely with the lines of general advance or retreat of a species, rather than the exact course followed by individual birds. Even the records of banded birds usually show no more than the places of banding and recovery, and one must have recourse to intermediate records and to reasoning based on probabilities to fill in details of the flyway actually traversed between the two points. There is also infinite variety in the routes covered during migration by different species. In fact, the choice of migration highways is so wide that it seems as if the routes of no two species coincide. Differences in distance traveled, in time of starting, in speed of flight, in geographical position, in latitudes of breeding and of wintering grounds, and in other factors, all contribute to this great variation of migration routes. Nevertheless, there are certain factors that serve to guide the avian travelers along more or less definite lines, and it is possible to define general lines of migration for the majority of species. It has frequently been observed that migrating birds have a tendency to follow major topographic lines on the earth's surface when their trend is in the general direction of the birds' journey. Bird migration is generally thought of as a north-and-south movement, with the lanes of heavier concentration following the coasts, mountain ranges, and principal river valleys. To a considerable extent this is the case, particularly in North America, where the coast lines, mountain chains, and the larger rivers in general run north and south. Students of American birds thus have exceptionally good opportunities to study migratory movements. In cases where the migration is a long one, however, the notion must be abandoned that the birds' flight is restricted to particular narrow routes that follow river valleys and the like, as many species seem to disregard utterly such apparently good natural flyways as river valleys. For example, the Arkansas River has a general east and west course for a great part of its length, and while it does constitute a highway for many perching birds en route from the Mississippi Valley to the Rocky Mountain region, some of the hawks and many ducks and shore birds pay the valley scant attention. They may arrest their fall journey to feed among cottonwoods or along sand bars, but when ready to resume their flight they leave the river and fly directly south over the more or less arid region that lies between the Arkansas and the Rio Grande. WIDE AND NARROW MIGRATION LANES