_14th Month._--He now names also single objects in his picture-book: the dog, _aua_, the cats, _tith_ (pronounced as in English), _kiss kiss_ having been said for him; horses, _prr_, all birds, _gock_ or _gack_. In the house of a neighbor he observes at once the picture, although it hangs high up on the wall, of the emperor driving in a sleigh, and cries _prrr_. Animals that he does not know he calls, whether in the book or the real animals, _aua_ or _ua_, e. g. cows. His nurse, to whom he is much attached, he now calls decidedly _niania_, although he continues to use this word in another sense also. If she is absent for some time, he calls, longingly, _niania_, _niania_. He sometimes calls me _mamma_; but not quite surely yet. He babbles a good deal to himself; says over all his words, and makes variations in his repertory, e. g., _niana_, _kanna_, _danna_; repeats syllables and words, producing also quite strange and unusual sounds, and accumulations of consonants, like _mba_, _mpta_. As soon as he wakes in the morning he takes up these meaningless language-exercises, and I hear him then going on in an endless babble. When he does not want a thing, he shakes his head as a sign of refusal; this no one has taught him. Nodding the head as a sign of assent or affirmation he is not yet acquainted with, and learns it much later. The nurse speaks with me of Caro; the child attends and says _aua_; he knows what we were talking about. If his grandmother says, "Give the little hand," he at once stretches it out toward her. He understands what is said, and begins consciously to repeat it. His efforts to pronounce the word Grossmama (grandmamma) are comical; in spite of all his pains, he can not get beyond the _gr_; says _Gr-mama_, and finally _Goo-mama_, and makes this utterance every time he sees his grandmother. At this time he learns also from his nurse the word _koppa_ as a name for horse, instead of _prr_, _burra_, which, from this time forth, denotes only going in a carriage. _Koppa_ is probably a formation from "hoppa koppati," an imitation of the sound of the hoofs.