Other brunches of trade were subsequently added to that of tea. In 1773, the East India Company made a small adventure of opium[6] from Bengal to Canton; and the consumption of opium increased as rapidly among the Chinese as tea did among the English, until it now yields (although a contraband trade) 14,000,000 Spanish dollars annually,[7] and pays a revenue to the Indian Government of 1,800,000_l_. sterling. Raw cotton forms another extensive article of export to China; it is in general a less profitable remittance than bills of exchange, but the exportation is encouraged for the benefit of the Indian territories. _Character of the Chinese_.--The Chinese are a haughty and independent race of people, whose commercial policy it is to prohibit, as much as possible, every species of manufactures[8] and bullion; and encourage the importation of food, and raw produce; holding themselves aloof from Europeans, and particularly jealous of Great Britain, on account of the proximity of her Indian empire; exacting upwards of 1,000_l_. in fees and port dues[9] on each foreign vessel that enters Canton, the only harbour to which they are admitted,[10] imposing severe sea and inland customs and regulations regarding woollen and other manufactures, entirely interdicting some branches of trade, and permitting all by sufferance, or as a matter of favour rather than from necessity, or by right. _Tea in Ireland_.--In Ireland, the consumption of tea in the year 1828, was 1,300,000 lbs. _less_ than in 1827; and although the population of Ireland has rapidly increased, indeed, nearly doubled itself, since the commencement of the present century, yet the quantity of tea imported into that country is 400,000 lbs. _less_ in 1828, than it was in 1800! _Tea in America and England_.-- American consumption of tea. 1819--5,480,884 lbs. 1827--5,372,956 --------- Decrease! 107,828 lbs. British consumption of tea. 1819--24,093,619 lbs. 1827--27,841,284 ---------- Increase 3,747,665 lbs. _Consumption of Sugar_.-- In France each individual, annually 5 lbs. Hamburgh do. do. 10 Germany do. throughout 6 United States do. do. 8 Ireland do. do. 3 Great Britain do. do. 14 Fourteen pounds of sugar per annum, will afford but little more than _half an ounce_ a day to each individual; a quantity, which it is well known the youngest child will consume, and yet a large portion of the sugar entered for home consumption, is used in breweries, and distilleries, so that it is even doubtful, whether the personal direct consumption of tea or sugar be the greatest; notwithstanding the latter may be had in such great abundance and in every country within the tropics.