REBUILDING A RAILROAD 138 Reconstruction necessary in many cases--Old grades too heavy-- Curves straightened--Tunnels avoided--These improvements required especially by freight lines. CHAPTER X THE RAILROAD AND ITS PRESIDENT 152 Supervision of the classified activities--Engineering, operating, maintenance of way, etc.--The divisional system as followed in the Pennsylvania Road--The departmental plan as followed in the New York Central--Need for vice-presidents--The board of directors--Harriman a model president--How the Pennsylvania forced itself into New York City--Action of a president to save the life of a laborer's child--"Keep right on obeying orders"--Some railroad presidents compared--High salaries of presidents. CHAPTER XI THE LEGAL AND FINANCIAL DEPARTMENTS 170 Functions of general counsel, and those of general attorney--A shrewd legal mind's worth to a railroad--The function of the claim-agent--Men and women who feign injury--The secret service as an aid to the claim-agent--Wages of employees the greatest of a railroad's expenditures--The pay-car--The comptroller or auditor--Division of the income from through tickets--Claims for lost or damaged freight--Purchasing-agent and store-keeper. CHAPTER XII THE GENERAL MANAGER 187 His duty to keep employees in harmonious actions--"The superintendent deals with men; the general manager with superintendents"--"The general manager is really king"--Cases in which his power is almost despotic--He must know men. CHAPTER XIII THE SUPERINTENDENT 202 His headship of the transportation organism--His manner of dealing with an offended shipper--His manner with commuters--His manner with a spiteful "kicker"--A dishonest conductor who had a "pull"--A system of demerits for employees--Dealing with drunkards--With selfish and covetous men. CHAPTER XIV OPERATING THE RAILROAD 220 Authority of the chief clerk and that of the assistant superintendent--Responsibilities of engineers, firemen, master mechanic, train-master, train-despatcher--Arranging the time-table--Fundamental rules of operation--Signals--Selecting engine and cars for a train--Clerical work of conductors--A trip with the conductor--The despatcher's authority--Signals along the line--Maintenance of way--Superintendent of bridges and buildings--Road-master--Section boss. CHAPTER XV THE FELLOWS OUT UPON THE LINE 243