[Footnote 6224: Liard, "L'Enseignement supérieur en France," 71, 73. "In the law schools, say the memorials of 1789, there is not the fiftieth part of the pupils who attend the professors' lectures."--Fourcroy," Exposé des motifs de la loi concernant les Ecoles de droit," March 13, 1804. "In the old law faculties the studies were of no account, inexact and rare, the lectures being neglected or not attended. Notes were bought instead of being taken. Candidates were received so easily that the examinations no longer deserved their name. Bachelor's degrees and others were titles bought without study or trouble."--Cf the "Mémoires" of Brissot and the "Souvenirs of d'Audifret-Pasquier," both of them law students before 1789.--M. Léo de Savigny, in his recent work, "Die französischen Rechts facultäten" (p.74 et seq.) refers to other authorities not less decisive.] [Footnote 6225: Reference is made to the synopsis of the Justitian code of civil and other Roman laws. (SR.)] [Footnote 6226: Treaty of law written Roman jurists under Justitian in 533. (SR.)] [Footnote 6227: Decree of March 19, 1807, articles 42, 45.] [Footnote 6228: The French Supreme Court. (SR.)] [Footnote 6229: Courcelle-Seneuil, "Préparation à l'étude du droit" (1887), pp. 5, 6 (on the teaching of law by the Faculty of Paris).] [Footnote 6230: Léo de Savigny, ibid., p. 161.] [Footnote 6231: Bréal, "Quelques mots sur l'instruction publique" (1892), pp. 327, 341.--Liard, "Universités et Facultés," p.13 et seq.] [Footnote 6232: Act of Jan.23, 1803, for the organization of the Institute.] [Footnote 6233: Voltaire's "Essai sur les moeurs" is of 1756; "L'Esprit des Lois" by Montesquieu also, in 1754, and his "Traité des Sensations." The "Emile" of Rousseau is of 1762; the "Traité de la formation mécanique des langues," by de Brosses, is of 1765; the "Physiocratie" by Quesnay appeared in 1768, and the "Encyclopédie" between 1750 and 1765.] [Footnote 6234: On the equal value of the testing process in moral and physical sciences, David Hume, in 1737, stated the matter decisively in his "Essay on Human Nature." Since that time, and particularly since the "Compte-rendu" by Necker, but especially in our time, statistics have shown that the near or remote determining motives of human action are powers (Grandeurs) expressed by figures, interdependent, and which warrant, here as elsewhere, precise and numerical foresight.] [Footnote 6235: What an impression Taine's description of Napoleon's set-up must have had on Hitler, Lenin and, possibly Stalin and their successors. (SR.)] [Footnote 6236: Cf. Liard, "L'Enseignement supérieur en France," vol. I., in full.--Also the law of Brumaire 3, year Iv. (Oct.25, 1795), on the primitive organization of the Institute.] [Footnote 6237: Decree of Jan. 23, 1803.] [Footnote 6238: Decree of March 21, 1816]