4. PROBLEMS IN HIGHER ÆSTHETICS. A brief course for graduate students in Æsthetics. 5. SEMINARY IN ETHICS. Discussion of the treatment of some main ethical problems by the chief modern ethical writers. The Elementary courses are conducted mainly by text-books and recitations; the Intermediate courses by lectures and assigned readings, reports and essay-writings. The Advanced courses are pursued by class discussions, conversations, etc. on basis of work done independently by the student. The teaching is carried on by John Dewey, J. H. Tufts, and F. N. Scott. JOHN DEWEY. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. The courses at Harvard are, we believe, the most complete offered in any American University. They consist (for 1890-91) of four groups: I. INTRODUCTORY COURSES. IN LOGIC, METAPHYSICS, AND PSYCHOLOGY. II. SYSTEMATIC COURSES PSYCHOLOGY, COSMOLOGY, ETHICS, PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION, THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF RELIGIOUS FAITH, AND THE CONTENT OF CHRISTIAN FAITH. III. HISTORICAL COURSES. Including lectures on COMPARATIVE RELIGION, GREEK PHILOSOPHY, DESCARTES-SPINOZA-LEIBNITZ, ENGLISH PHILOSOPHY FROM HOBBES TO HUME, THE MOVEMENT OF GERMAN THOUGHT FROM 1770-1830, CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMS AND APPLIED ETHICS. IV. COURSES OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Including the Psychological, Metaphysical, and Ethical Seminaries. These do not include the additional and auxilliary courses in other subjects, which are required for Honors. "Holding that there is one best way for the young student to begin his philosophical study," says Prof. G. H. Palmer, "we have planned a single introductory course and have given it variety by setting three instructors to teach it. When these elementary matters have been mastered, we offer the student a choice among half-a-dozen dogmatic courses, or among as many more historical. These last two sets of courses are open alike to graduates and to undergraduates. For graduate specialists three or four lines of Seminary work are provided, with a view to giving the most advanced students ample opportunity to develop their individual powers.... But the chief aim of our Honors is to test powers rather than acquirement." In Harvard there are six instructors engaged in the department of philosophy alone: Prof. G. H. Palmer, Prof. C. C. Everett, Prof. W. James, Prof. F. G. Peabody, Prof. J. Royce, and Dr. G. Santayana. A dozen or more courses of philosophical content are offered, and acquaintance with auxilliary branches is necessary to take Honors. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. The instruction given in the various branches of philosophy at this institution is conducted according to the following scheme: 1. PROPÆDEUTIC TO PHILOSOPHY. Empirical psychology, including formal logic, deductive and inductive. Four times a week. 2. INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY. History of European philosophy, in outline. Four times a week.