We cannot sympathise with Littré’s method of constructing ethics upon the nutritive and sexual instincts, the former producing egotism, the latter altruism. Emotions are, says Littré, as much as ideas, the result of brain-processes in consequence of external impressions and “the struggle between both kinds of emotion make up the moral life.” Littré rejects the evolution theory and its attempts to explain ethics. (See Gruber’s book p. 20.) Having explained our views of ethics on other occasions, it is sufficient here to state that we consider Littré’s attempt as a failure. We cannot even adopt the so-called “positive method,” of which Littré says: “Whoever adopts this method is a positivist and whether he acknowledges the fact or not, also a disciple of Comte. Whoever employs another method is a metaphysician. It is the surest mark by which a careful mind will discriminate what belongs to the positive philosophy and what is foreign to it.” What is this method? Says Littré: “It is an acknowledged principle of positive science that nothing real can be stated through reasoning (_raisonnement_). The world cannot be guessed.” Littré is opposed to so-called _a priori_ arguments. Hermann Gruber says in the preface: “This positive method is embraced by all the representatives of the lines of thought here discussed. All of them intend to build up their systems with the exclusion of scholastic, respectively of Kantian, Hegelian, or any _a priori_ speculations after purely ‘scientific’ methods upon the foundation of the facts of experience.” We certainly intend to build our world conception “upon the facts of experience” but the most important facts among them are their formal relations and these formal relations when represented in thought are exactly that element which Kant called _a priori_. The sense-element affords us the building stones, but the _a priori_ element represents the mortar without which we could not build. So much do we oppose this one-sided philosophy which takes its stand upon what is wrongly called the purely scientific method, that our views have been called the Philosophy of Form, and justly, for Form is that feature of the world which makes of it a cosmos and formal thought is the organ of our comprehension. κρς. UEBER DEN ASSOCIATIVEN VERLAUF DER VORSTELLUNGEN. Inaugural-Dissertation. By _E. W. Scripture_, M. A., Fellow of Clark University. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1891.