Dr. Scripture avoids explaining what he conceives these after-effects to be. We see no reason for disagreement and should say that the result of the after-effects is what generally goes by the name of “disposition.” And a certain disposition is produced according to the law of the conservation of form in living structures. (See “The Soul of Man,” pp. 418-424.) Dr. Scripture is led by a consideration of his observations to the following statement: “Each concept is conditioned through the effects of the elements of the present state of consciousness and the after-effects of many (if not of all) previous elements of consciousness.” This result is not compatible with the theory of reproduction now almost universally accepted by the association-psychology. Wundt says: “If only certain single concepts were renewed, we might perhaps explain why in the memory-picture certain elements of a former reproduction are missing: but we could not explain why the elements of a concept change so often qualitatively as is indeed the case. This, it appears, is possible only because a memory-picture and others of a kindred nature affect each other mutually.” This will find explanation in the following experiment. The observer sees a dog, and thinks of a circus, which he saw a year ago. There is no direct association between the picture of the dog and the special reminiscence of that circus visited a year ago. The association was formed at the moment. Former sensations of dogs had their after-effects and this special reminiscence was localised. Dr. Scripture maintains that Höffding’s association theory contains too many hypothetical elements; it presupposes faculties of the soul to join like with like and to combine simultaneous or consecutive events. κρς. FOOTNOTES: [22] ... “A represénter le positivisme comme directement résummé par l’utopie de la Vierge-Mère”—Comte to Audiffrent, the 8th of St. Paul 69 (May 28, 1857.) [23] Good philosophers, it is true, are rare in America, perhaps rarer than in Europe. Nevertheless the interest in philosophy is exceedingly strong here. There are metaphysical and philosophical clubs all over the country, and the crop of philosophical dilettanti is at least as great on this side of the Atlantic as in Paris.