This is a mere suggestion of Hamilton’s but Dr. Scripture proved its truth by actual experiment. He took cards containing some simple words, such as MENSCH, GEHEN, KOMMEN, BLUME, etc., and also Japanese words in Roman characters HANA, HITO, IUKU, KURU. To every word was attached another Japanese word in Japanese characters so that the same character appeared on HANA and BLUME; HITO and MENSCH; JUKU and GEHEN; KURU and KOMMEN. The words were shown twice so as to give a stronger impression. The Japanese gentleman was excluded from these experiments, and indeed, the unknown Japanese characters which were only dimly or not at all remembered, evoked the corresponding words: HITO—MENSCH; KURU—KOMMEN; BLUME—HANA, etc. Dr. Scripture adds: “These associations were involuntary, the observer imagined them to be wrong, and could find no reason for the involuntary appearance of the words. He had not thought at all of the connecting links.” It appears that the links in a chain of concepts need not be all conscious and the result of his experiments in this line is formulated by Dr. Scripture as follows: A concept apperceived can bring another concept into the focus of consciousness although it was never associated with it, if there are other psychic elements of lower degrees or even outside of consciousness which are connected with both—provided that there are no other elements stronger than these. The effect of the unconscious link however is much weaker than that which was conscious. Pages 71-101 are devoted to the investigations of the after-effect of concepts. The phenomena of ideation being extremely complex, we cannot assume that the process of a so-called reproduced concept is analogous to the original idea. A sensation changes during its presence with reference to the degree of consciousness of its parts and even the concepts as a whole may be altered. The process is different according to circumstances. The renewed concepts differ from their originals, (1) in the degree of the consciousness of the whole idea, (2) in the degree of the consciousness of its parts among themselves, (3) in form, color, relations, etc., (4) in duration. In order to avoid the metaphysical influence of hypothetical theories we ought to avoid all kinds of terms suggestive of a theory and stick closely to a simple description of facts. Therefore Dr. Scripture proposes to discard such words as “retention, reproduction, revival,” etc., and suggests the term “after-effect.” Yet he adds, quoting from Wundt, “these after-effects themselves are as little ideas as the effects produced upon nerves and muscles by exercise can be called actions of will.”