Prof. S. Alexander, in his lecture delivered before the Ethical Societies of Cambridge and London, here reproduced, points out that the growth and change of moral and social ideals are the result of a process of mental conflict. Professor Sheldon thinks only a partial solution of the labor problem is possible until the second coming of men somewhat of the type of St. Francis of Assisi, “who will sacrifice their personal opportunities, abandon their station in the world, and go down to apply their gifts and acquirements to the cause of the lower stratum of society.” The religious as well as economic opposition to Judaism, according to Mr. Charles Zeublin, is caused by the exclusiveness of the Jew, and his ultimate welfare and that of his neighbors requires a humanitarian treatment within and without Judaism. Mr. William R. Thayer shows that Machiavelli merely described things as they were in his time, and deduced the laws which actually controlled the public deeds of rulers; and that it is now “the duty of all men to sweep away the old falsehood that rulers and governments are absolved from paying heed to those ethical principles to which every individual is bound.” According to Mr. B. Carneri, the living at peace with oneself and one’s fellow-men is possible only without religion, “because there is no morality without contentment, and it is the highest degree of discontent to strive for something beyond this world.” Mr. Frank Chapman Sharp concludes that when the element of _the good_ is taken out of the conception of obligation, this degenerates into mere submission to an arbitrary imperative; the foundation for the distinction between right and wrong must be sought in something that appeals to us as good, and its ultimate criterion can be given only by our chosen ideal. (Philadelphia: _International Journal of Ethics_, 118 S. Twelfth Street.) Ω. THE PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW. July, 1892. Vol. I. No. 4. INHIBITION AND FREEDOM OF THE WILL. By _Dr. James H. Hyslop_. A CLASSIFICATION OF CASES OF ASSOCIATION. By _Mary W. Calkins_. THE ORIGIN OF PLEASURE AND PAIN. By _Dr. Herbert Nichols_. ON PRIMITIVE CONSCIOUSNESS. By _Hiram M. Stanley_. REVIEWS OF BOOKS. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES.