The confusion incident to the old controversy about freedom is due, says Dr. James H. Hyslop, to a failure to distinguish between the _proof_ of freedom and the _conditions_ of it, that is, “the circumstances that are necessary to it, or the characteristics that constitute it.” Freedom consists in “self-initiative and independence of external causes, whether there be any choice between alternatives or not,” and inhibition and deliberation bring about both of these circumstances. Miss Mary W. Calkins rejects the ordinary division into association by contiguity and association by similarity, and gives detailed summaries of the fundamental characteristics of consciousness on which association depends and of the characteristics of association proper; the ultimate fact of association, whether it be psychical or physical or both, we do not understand. Dr. Herbert Nichols, in the first part of his article on the “Origin of Pleasure and Pain,” considers the phenomena of pleasure and pain associated with the action of the senses, and concludes that there is no “tangible evidence indicating that pleasures and pains are inseparable attributes of other senses or polar complements of each other,” and that separate sensations of pain and of pleasure are probable. Mr. Hiram M. Stanley regards pure pain as primitive mind, and pleasure as the polar opposite to it, although they are neither absolutely essential one to the other, pleasure being traced to “an intermediary feeling between pain as produced by excess, and pain from lack as differentiated form.” Consciousness is fundamentally pain and pleasure as serving the organism in the struggle for existence. (Boston, New York, Chicago: Ginn & Company.) Ω. THE NEW WORLD. CONTENTS: Vol. I. No. 2. THE SOCIAL PLAINT. By _E. Benjamin Andrews_. RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION. By _Minot J. Savage_. THE ORIGIN AND MEANING OF THE STORY OF SODOM. By _T. K. Cheyne_. THE FOUNDATION OF BUDDHISM. By _Maurice Bloomfield_. IMAGINATION IN RELIGION. By _Francis Tiffany_. THE NEXT STEP IN CHRISTIANITY. By _S. D. McConnell_. THE IMPLICATIONS OF SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS. By _Josiah Royce_. HOW I CAME INTO CHRISTIANITY. By _Nobuta Kishimoto_. NEW FORMS OF CHRISTIAN EDUCATION. By _Mrs. Humphry Ward_. CONTENTS: Vol. I. No. 3. THE ESSENCE OF CHRISTIANITY. By _Otto Pfleiderer_. ECCLESIASTICAL IMPEDIMENTA. By _J. Macbride Sterrett_. NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF. By _Orello Cone_. THOMAS PAINE. By _John W. Chadwick_. SOCIAL BETTERMENT. By _Nicholas P. Gilman_. THE RÔLE OF THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS IN MODERN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. By _Jean Réville_. A POET OF HIS CENTURY. By _E. Cavazza_. DIVINE LOVE AND INTELLIGENCE. By _James C. Parsons_. BOOK REVIEWS. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, & Company.) REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE. CONTENTS: June, 1892. No. 198.