Now each of these economies possesses its characteristic principle of organization, or typical mode of action; and this enables us to define five prime virtues: _intelligence, prudence, purpose, justice,_ and _good-will_. From each of these virtues there accrues to life a characteristic benefit: from intelligence, _satisfaction_; from prudence, _health_; from purpose, _achievement_; from justice, _rational intercourse_; and from good-will, _religion_. The absence of these virtues defines a group of negative vices: _incapacity, imprudence, aimlessness, injustice,_ and _irreverence_. Finally, applying the distinction between formalism and materialism, we obtain two further series of vices; for, with two exceptions, it is possible in each economy either to exaggerate the principle of organization, and thus neglect the constituent interests which it is intended to organize; or to exaggerate the good attained, and thus neglect the wider spheres beyond. There will thus be a formalistic series of errors: _asceticism, sentimentalism, anarchism, mysticism_; and a materialistic series: _overindulgence, sordidness, bigotry_ or _egoism, worldliness_. Since materialism is in each case due to the lack of the next higher {80} principle of organization, there is no real difference between the materialism of one economy and the negative vice of the next. But I have thought it worth while to retain both series, because they represent a difference of emphasis which it is customary to make. Thus there is no real difference between overindulgence and imprudence; but one refers to the excess, and the other to the deficiency, in an activity which is excessive in its fulfilment of a present interest, and deficient in its regard for ulterior interests. I have thought it best for the purpose of clear presentation to tabulate these virtues and vices; and it proves convenient, also, to adopt a fixed nomenclature. It is unfortunate that the terms must be drawn from common speech; for it is impossible that the meaning assigned to them in the course of a methodical analysis like the present, should exactly coincide with that which they have acquired in their looser application to daily life. But I shall endeavor always to make plain the sense in which I use them; and, thus guarded, they will serve to mark out a series of special topics which it is important briefly to review. {81} ECONOMY VIRTUE VALUE NEGATIVE FORMALISM MATERIALISM VICE Simple Intelli- Satis- Incapacity ------ Over- Interest gence faction indulgence Recipro- Prudence Health Imprudence Ascet- Sordidness city of icism Interests Incorpor- Purpose Achieve- Aimless- Sentiment- Bigotry ation of ment ness alism Egoism Interests