Some dancers carry a white handkerchief--the middle finger thrust through a hole in one corner--in all their dances; we have, elsewhere, described the dances as we have seen them performed, with and without the handkerchief. [Illustration: MR. KIMBER, LEADER OF THE HEADINGTON MORRIS-MEN (1906)] STICKS. The stick, or staff, used in some dances, and the manner of using it, are described elsewhere. Sometimes a bunch of ribbons is tied to the butt; sometimes it is left unadorned. OTHER PARAPHERNALIA. As to the fool's properties, he always carries, after the time-honoured fashion of the clown, a bladder swinging on the end of a stick, or ladle; in some parts, even to-day, he is observing custom if he has a cow's tail on the other end: this to be used also to whack the unsuspecting looker-on. The hobby-horse is, fundamentally, of wicker or some stout fabric stayed with wood, having a hole from which its rider, or footman, emerges to the waist, and is slung upon his shoulders in the familiar manner. The horse's head and tail, a pair of stockings stuffed and shod--and ludicrously disproportionate to the bulk of the horseman; the bit and bridle and caparison, may all be fashioned according to the horseman's humour. * * * * * "Illustrations of Shakespeare and of ancient manners." Two vols. London, 1807. Francis Douce. "Glig-Gamena Angel-Deod, or The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England." London, 1801. Joseph Strutt. "Observations on Popular Antiquities." Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1777. John Brand. "Orchesographie, et traicte en forme de dialogue, par lequel toutes personnes peuvent facilement apprendre et practiquer l'honneste exercise des dances." Lengres, 1588 (since reprinted and edited by Laure Fonta, Paris, 1888). Thoinot Arbeau (i.e., Jehan Tabourot). "Shakespeare and his Times." Two vols. London, 1817. Dr. Nathan Drake. "Robin Hood Ballads." London, 2nd edition, 1832. Joseph Ritson. "The Environs of London." Four vols., 1792-96. Daniel Lysons. "History of Music." Five vols., 1776. Reprinted, Novello, Ewer and Co., 1853, two vols. Sir John Hawkins. "Popular Music of the Olden Time." Two vols. London, 1855-59. William Chappell. "Shakespeare and Music." London, Dent and Co., 1896. Edward W. Naylor, M.A., Mus. Bac. "Kemp's Nine Daies wonder, performed on a journey from London to Norwich." Edited from original. Privately printed, Edinburgh, 1884. E. Goldsmid. "The Literature of National Music." London, Novello, Ewer and Co., 1879. Carl Engel. "The Abbot." (Note to chap. 14.) Sir Walter Scott. "The Fair Maid of Perth." (Note to chap. 20.) Sir Walter Scott. "Shakespeare." (Note to Henry IV., Part I.) Steevens. "Notes and Queries." "Dictionary of Music and Musicians." Four vols. London, Macmillan and Co., 1879-1899. Edited by Sir George Grove. "The Transactions of the Folk-Lore Society." Vol. 8, 1897. "A Treatise on the art of dancing." By Giovanni-Andrea Gallini. London, 1792.