The Movements and Habits of Climbing PlantsDarwin, Charles
Science
The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
Darwin, Charles
Climbing plants; Geotropism; Plants; Plants -- Irritability and movements
_Tropæolum azureum_.—An upper internode made four revolutions, following
the sun, at an average rate of 1 hr. 47 m. The stem twined spirally
round a support in the same irregular manner as that of the last species.
Rudimentary leaves or filaments do not exist. The petioles of the young
leaves are very sensitive: a single light rub with a twig caused one to
move perceptibly in 5 m., and another in 6 m. The former became bent at
right angles in 15 min., and became straight again in between 5 hrs. and
6 hrs. A loop of thread weighing ⅛th of a grain caused another petiole
to curve.
_Tropæolum pentaphyllum_.—This species has not the power of spirally
twining, which seems due, not so much to a want of flexibility in the
stem, as to continual interference from the clasping petioles. An upper
internode made three revolutions, following the sun, at an average rate
of 1 hr. 46 m. The main purpose of the revolving movement in all the
species of _Tropæolum_ manifestly is to bring the petioles into contact
with some supporting object. The petiole of a young leaf, after a slight
rub, became curved in 6 m.; another, on a cold day, in 20 m., and others
in from 8 m. to 10 m. Their curvature usually increased greatly in from
15 m. to 20 m., and they became straight again in between 5 hrs. and 6
hrs., but on one occasion in 3 hrs. When a petiole has fairly clasped a
stick, it is not able, on the removal of the stick, to straighten itself.
The free upper part of one, the base of which had already clasped a
stick, still retained the power of movement. A loop of thread weighing
⅛th of a grain caused a petiole to curve; but the stimulus was not
sufficient, the loop remaining suspended, to cause a permanent flexure.
If a much heavier loop be placed in the angle between the petiole and the
stem, it produces no effect; whereas we have seen with _Clematis montana_
that the angle between the stem and petiole is sensitive.
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