The Movements and Habits of Climbing PlantsDarwin, Charles
Science
The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
Darwin, Charles
Climbing plants; Geotropism; Plants; Plants -- Irritability and movements
_Cissus discolor_.—The young shoots show no more movement than can be
accounted for by daily variations in the action of the light. The
tendrils, however, revolve with much regularity, following the sun; and,
in the plants observed by me, swept circles of about 5 inches in
diameter. Five circles were completed in the following times:—4 hrs. 45
m., 4 hrs. 50 m., 4 hrs. 45 m., 4 hrs. 30 m., and 5 hrs. The same tendril
continues to revolve during three or four days. The tendrils are from 3½
to 5 inches in length. They are formed of a long foot-stalk, bearing two
short branches, which in old plants again bifurcate. The two branches
are not of quite equal length; and as with the vine, the longer one has a
scale at its base. The tendril stands vertically upwards; the extremity
of the shoot being bent abruptly downwards, and this position is probably
of service to the plant by allowing the tendril to revolve freely and
vertically.
Both branches of the tendril, whilst young, are highly sensitive. A
touch with a pencil, so gentle as only just to move a tendril borne at
the end of a long flexible shoot, sufficed to cause it to become
perceptibly curved in four or five minutes. It became straight again in
rather above one hour. A loop of soft thread weighing one-seventh of a
grain (9.25 mg.) was thrice tried, and each time caused the tendril to
become curved in 30 or 40 m. Half this weight produced no effect. The
long foot-stalk is much less sensitive, for a slight rubbing produced no
effect, although prolonged contact with a stick caused it to bend. The
two branches are sensitive on all sides, so that they converge if touched
on their inner sides, and diverge if touched on their outer sides. If a
branch be touched at the same time with equal force on opposite sides,
both sides are equally stimulated and there is no movement. Before
examining this plant, I had observed only tendrils which are sensitive on
one side alone, and these when lightly pressed between the finger and
thumb become curved; but on thus pinching many times the tendrils of the
_Cissus_ no curvature ensued, and I falsely inferred at first that they
were not at all sensitive.
_Cissus antarcticus_.—The tendrils on a young plant were thick and
straight, with the tips a little curved. When their concave surfaces
were rubbed, and it was necessary to do this with some force, they very
slowly became curved, and subsequently straight again. They are
therefore much less sensitive than those of the last species; but they
made two revolutions, following the sun, rather more rapidly, viz., in 3
hrs. 30 m. and 4 hrs. The internodes do not revolve.
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