“All streets being or which at any time become highways repairable by the inhabitants at large within any urban district, and the pavements, stones, and other materials thereof, and all buildings, implements, and other things provided for the purposes thereof, shall vest in and be under the control of the urban authority. The urban authority shall from time to time cause all such streets to be levelled, paved, metalled, flagged, channelled, altered, and repaired as occasion may require; they may from time to time cause the soil of any such street to be raised, lowered, or altered as they may think fit, and may place and may keep in repair fences and posts for the safety of foot-passengers. Any person who without the consent of the urban authority wilfully displaces, or takes up, or who injures the pavement, stones, material, fences, or posts of, or the trees in, any such street shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds, and to a further penalty not exceeding five shillings for every square foot of pavement, stones, or other materials so displaced, taken up, or injured; he shall also be liable, in the case of any injury to trees, to pay to the local authority such amount of compensation as the court may award” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 149). The duties thus devolving upon the town surveyor by reason of these sections and the orders of the council are very considerable. The following table gives a list of the principal subjects which will require his attention; all of which will be considered in due course in this book. _List of Duties devolving upon a Town Surveyor as “Surveyor of Highways.”_ (1.) The construction and maintenance of highways or streets, including-- (_a._) Roads formed of broken stones or “metal,” commonly called macadamised roadways; (_b._) Streets paved with granite cubes or setts; (_c._) Streets paved with wood; (_d._) Streets paved with asphalte. (2.) The construction and maintenance of footwalks or footpaths, including the different materials of which these are formed. (3.) The breaking of stone for road metal. (4.) Steam rolling. (5.) The necessary notices and specifications under the 150th Section of the Public Health Act 1875, for the purpose of compelling private streets to be properly sewered, levelled, paved, metalled, flagged, channelled, lighted, and made good. (6.) The lighting, cleansing, and watering of streets. (7.) The naming and numbering of streets. (8.) The planting of trees along the sides of footwalks. (9.) Obstructions caused by builders’ rubbish or by hoardings and scaffold poles; and also by dangerous or defective cellar coverings. (10.) The damage caused to footpaths by allowing water from private premises to flow over them, and the nuisance caused by defective rain-water gutters or shutes. (11.) The damage caused to roadways by the laying or removal of gas and water mains and services, and the surveyor’s powers and duties in connection therewith.