The Public Health Act on the subject -- List of duties involved by the clauses of the Act -- What is house refuse? -- Removal of trade or garden refuse -- Position of dust bin -- Objections to fixed bin -- Different methods of collection of refuse -- Public dust bins -- House to house call -- Receptacles brought out into streets -- Carts employed for scavenging -- Life and cost of wooden carts -- Improved sanitary carts -- Disposal of refuse -- Methods adopted in various towns -- Destruction by fire -- Cleansing of streets -- Machinery v. hand labour -- Durability of brooms -- Scavenging at Liverpool -- Quantity of material removed from roads -- Cleansing private courts and alleys -- Removal of snow -- Mr. Hayward on the subject -- Clarke’s apparatus -- Hints on removal of snow -- Street watering -- Several methods described -- Brown’s system -- Mr. Parry on hand- watering -- Headley’s machine -- Street watering in Paris -- Bayley’s Hydrostatic Van -- Mr. Scott on watering and stand-pipes -- Advantage of using disinfectant with water -- Cost of scavenging, &c. -- Heads for a contract -- Administration of work without intervention of contractor the best 221 CHAPTER XX. SEWERAGE. Public Health Act on the subject -- Definition of sewer -- Definitions of sewerage and sewage -- Requirements of good system of sewerage -- Position of sewers should be at back of houses -- Form of notice to carry sewer through private lands -- Hints for carrying out sewerage -- Stamford’s joint -- Pipe sewers -- Drawing of various pipes -- Causes of breakage -- Causes of chokage -- Separate system -- Advantages of partial separation -- List of different methods of sewerage -- Dry systems 251 CHAPTER XXI. SEWAGE DISPOSAL. Magnitude of question -- Interception -- List of methods of disposal -- Tidal outfalls -- Broad irrigation -- Crops for sewage -- Intermittent filtration -- Action of earth on sewage -- Mechanical subsidence -- Artificial filters -- Screening -- Precipitation -- List of chemical processes -- List of chemical ingredients -- Disposal of sludge -- Effect of plants on sewage 263 CHAPTER XXII. VENTILATION OF SEWERS. Duty of dealing with noxious sewer vapours -- Germ theory and open ventilation -- Open shafts and objections to them -- Shafts against dwellings -- Use of rainwater pipes -- Use of lamp posts -- Charcoal trays -- Use of chimney shafts -- Lofty shafts -- Failure of furnaces -- List of methods tried -- Annihilation of sewer gas -- Composition of sewer gas -- Direction of flow -- Importance of disconnecting house drains 271 CHAPTER XXIII. PUBLIC CONVENIENCES.