The Mute Stones Speak: The Story of Archaeology in ItalyMacKendrick, Paul Lachlan
History
The Mute Stones Speak: The Story of Archaeology in Italy
MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan
Italy -- Antiquities
So Bradford read and talked, and found his parallels. The wares he had
excavated were familiar; they had been found elsewhere in the heel of
Italy, especially opposite or in Matera, in Lucania, and Molfetta, in
Puglia, between Barletta and Bari, in contexts dated 2600–2500 B.C. And
this pottery proves to have affinities, too, with that of Thessalian
Sesklo, a neolithic site not far from Dimini. This same type of pottery
can be traced across the Balkans into Illyricum, and thence across
the Adriatic to Bradford’s sites, giving in the process a glimpse
of neolithic man as a more daring seafarer than had previously been
thought.
And so, by patient, detailed work like Bradford’s, the newly-discovered
sites are fitted into and enrich the pattern of the neolithic world.
The total mapping fills a huge gap in the picture of the findspots of
Neolithic sites in Italy. Before 1945, some 170 were known; now the
Tavoliere alone makes up more than that number. And Passo di Corvo
becomes the largest known neolithic site in Europe.
The things the archaeologists did not find are instructive, too. No
weapons were found: the inference is that the Tavoliere folk were
unwarlike. There is no evidence that the sites survived into the
Bronze Age: it looks as though, like unwarlike peoples all too often
elsewhere, they were wiped out in an invasion.
It is clear from the artifacts and the site-plans that neolithic man
on the Tavoliere lived like neolithic man elsewhere in Italy, that the
culture was on the whole uniform. He lived in a wattle-and-daub hut
with a sunken floor, a central hearth, and a smokehole--the remote and
primitive predecessor of the atrium-and-impluvium house of historic
Roman times, whose central apartment had a hole in the roof with a
pool below to catch rain water. Fortunately for us, his wife was a
slovenly housekeeper: from her rubbish we can reconstruct her way of
life. In his enclosures he penned the animals he had domesticated:
other Italian sites have yielded the bones of the sheep, goat, horse,
ox, ass, and pig. The dog has not yet become man’s best friend in
the neolithic Tavoliere. Primitive man in Italy had a rudimentary
religion: the Ligurian cave of Arene Candide has yielded statuettes of
big-breasted, pregnant women, which probably had something to do with
a fertility cult. In another Ligurian cave, Balzi Rossi, over 200,000
stone implements have been found. Not far up the Adriatic coast from
Foggia, in the Vibrata valley, lie the foundations of 336 neolithic
huts. We know something, too, of neolithic man’s burial customs, and
macabre enough they seem: skulls have been found smeared with red
ochre; apparently the flesh was stripped from the corpse--a practice
called in Italian _scarnitura_--and the stain applied to the bared
bone. All this suggests a level of culture far below that which the
Near East was enjoying at the same time: Passo di Corvo’s mud huts are
contemporary with the Great Pyramid of Egypt, with palaces and temples
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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