But it was not enough that the past be controlled and rewritten, and connected with the present on splendid monuments. Augustus must control the future, too; even after his death men must admire and worship him and his dynasty. To this end he began (literary sources tell us it was in 28 B.C.) in the Campus Martius a massive mausoleum (Fig. 6.3), which should be reminiscent in shape of the great Etruscan _tumuli_ of centuries before, and in mass of such wonders of the world as the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or the pyramids of Egypt. This monument, which through the centuries has been successively fortress, circus, park for fireworks displays, bull-ring, and concert-hall, was stripped to its gaunt core in 1935, as another part of the Fascists’ Augustan plan to attach themselves to the memory of Augustus. The excavators, Giglioli and Colini, found within the circular ring of the mausoleum’s vertical outer wall a series of concentric vaulted corridors (Fig. 6.4) in concrete, rising four stories or 143 feet, surrounding a central hollow cylinder where Augustus’ ashes were to lie. A statue of the great deceased would have surmounted the cylinder, and the whole massive structure would have been heaped with earth and planted with cypresses. Before the door stood the bronze tablets bearing Augustus’ autobiography--a calmly audacious fabrication of history, it has been justly called. In the corridor around the central cylinder were placed the marble containers for the urns of members of the dynasty. Some of the containers were found _in situ_, though their ashes--and, ironically, Augustus’ as well--had long ago disappeared. [Illustration: FIG. 6.3 Rome, Mausoleum of Augustus. (Fototeca)] [Illustration: FIG. 6.4 Rome, Mausoleum of Augustus, plan and elevation. (G. Lugli, _Mon. Ant._, 3, p. 197)] It was Augustus’ fate to outlive his lieutenants, his relatives (see the family tree, Fig. 6.5), and all his favorite candidates for the succession. There lay, for example, the ashes of his stepson Drusus, his nephew, the young Marcellus, and his grandchildren, Lucius and Gaius; his lieutenant Agrippa; his sister Octavia, once given in a dynastic marriage to Mark Antony; his stepson Tiberius’ one-time wife Agrippina, divorced to give place to Augustus’ daughter. Agrippina survived Augustus; who knows what palace intrigue brought her ashes here? Her one-time husband’s ashes rested here, too, and those of Germanicus, Tiberius’ adopted son, also those of the mad Emperor Caligula, of Claudius, Vespasian, Nerva, and Septimius Severus’ consort Julia Domna (for the Severan dynasty, too, had need of respectability).