THE PIONEERS OF PHARMACY AND BOTANY—PHYSIC GARDENS. Drugs used by the Arabs—Avicenna—Basil Valentine—Paracelsus—His life and teaching—Van Helmont—Monastic Gardens—Mesué—Ebor-Taitor—The medical treatment of the monks—Hildegarde—Gilbert and Hernicus Arviell—Simon de Cordo—Peter de Crescenzi—Bartholomew Glanvil—Advent of printing—George Agricola—Conrad Gesner—Jacques Gohory—The _Jardin des Plantes_—William Davisson—Matthias of Lille—Andrew Cesalpin—The first pharmacopœia—The _London Pharmacopœia_—The _Dublin Pharmacopœia_—The _British Pharmacopœia_—The Chelsea Physic Garden—Its origin—Thomas Dover—The “quicksilver doctor”—His exploits _pages_ 102-117 CHAPTER XIV. AMULETS, TALISMANS AND CHARMS. Their antiquity—Definition—Object of their use—Egyptian amulets—Grecian amulets—Roman amulets—Chinese amulets—Knightly talismans—Precious stones as talismans—Metallic amulets—Written amulets—Amulet rings—Curious articles used as amulets—Charms—The “Lee Penny”—The “Holy Hand”—Medical Charms—Early British charm—Toadstones—Medicinal virtues of the toad—Roman charm for prolonging life _pages_ 118-137 CHAPTER XV. MONK PHYSICIANS—ITINERANT DOCTORS—SURGERY IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Monk physicians and their methods of treatment—Early hospitals—Their originators—The first school of nurses—Medical faculties of the thirteenth century—Examinations for title of master physician and surgeon—Barber surgeons—Itinerant barbers in France—Credulity of the public—Medical art in the fifteenth century—Surgery in the time of the Crusades—Early tests for water—Methods of disinfection _pages_ 138-146 CHAPTER XVI. PLANT LORE—DRUG CHARMS—FOLK MEDICINE. The mystery of dragon’s blood—Charms and superstitious practises connected with dragon’s blood—Use of dragon’s blood by the ancients—Modern practitioners of magic—Magic properties attributed to the walnut—Sage—Rue—Henbane—Moon Wort—Solomon’s Seal—Anemone—Trefoil—St. John’s Wort—Dill—Thistle—House-leek—Pimpernell—Vervain—Magic wreathes—Hawkweed—Mountain Ash—Squill—Mandrake—Method of gathering the mandrake—Abrunes—The willow as a symbol of sorrow—Almonds—The bachelor’s button—The bean and nut—White hawthorn—Ferns and fern seeds—Leaves of peculiar shape—Black hellebore—Ceremonial rites observed when collecting the root—Peony—Forget-me-not—Elder _pages_ 147-165 CHAPTER XVII. MUMMIES AND THEIR USE IN MEDICINE—THE UNICORN.