The narcotic drug problemBishop, Ernest S. (Ernest Simons)
Science
The narcotic drug problem
Bishop, Ernest S. (Ernest Simons)
Drug addiction
As has been stated, it is a fact that for each addict, a definite
amount, varying with his condition of health, elimination, physical and
mental activity, etc., meets a definite body-need. On this amount he
can be put and kept in good physical and mental condition under normal
circumstances of environment, exertion, and general hygiene. Years
of efficient activity and upright responsible lives, accomplished by
well-known men and women, unsuspected addicts, bear witness to this
fact. An addict neither underdosed nor overdosed practically defies
detection. Less than the definite amount required for nervous and
glandular and circulatory support and organic balance deprives the
patient of reaction, places his vitality and energy far below par and
for a long time hinders his betterment. More than this amount displays
the inhibitory effects of opiates, locks up or slows secretions and
body functions, and causes malnutrition, autotoxemia, autotoxicosis,
and the consequent mental and physical deterioration commonly and
erroneously attributed to the direct action of opiate drug.
In 1912 I wrote that so far as I knew the symptomatology attending
insufficient supply of morphine (or other opiate) to an opiate
addict had never received the amount of detailed study and analysis
that it deserved and was not adequately interpreted. W. Marme had
attributed the symptoms of morphine addiction to the toxic action
of oxydimorphine. Rudolph Kobert, however, stated that Ludwig Toth
subjected Marme’s claims to subsequent testing and was unable to
confirm them, and that his own findings agreed with those of Toth. They
found that oxydimorphine was inert by subcutaneous injection and that
when thrown into the blood-stream it formed an insoluble substance
causing emboli, and so producing the symptoms observed by Marme.
Kobert seems to be in accord with the early findings of Magendie, that
oxydimorphine is non-toxic. The experiments of Faust on dogs concerning
increased power of the body to destroy morphine are well-known. It is
still a matter of scientific dispute as to what extent the body of the
opiate addict has developed the power to limit or destroy the poisonous
properties of opiates by the conversion of these poisons through
oxidation or other chemical action.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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