The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. I., No. 3, July, 1889 — John Shaqi
The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. I., No. 3, July, 1889Various
Science
The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. I., No. 3, July, 1889
Various
Geography -- Periodicals
This may be difficult to find, but it certainly must be searched for;
if not then forthcoming, the best conclusion may be to leave the case
open until the evidence appears. Certainly, if we find a river course
that is accordant in its location with the complicated results of other
methods of origin, then the burden of proof may be said to lie with
those who would maintain that an antecedent origin would locate the
river in so specialized a manner. Even if a river persist for a time in
an antecedent course, this may not prevent its being afterwards
affected by the various adjustments and revivals that have been
explained above: rivers so distinctly antecedent as the Green and the
Sutlej may hereafter be more or less affected by processes of
adjustment, which they are not yet old enough to experience. Hence in
mountains as old as the Appalachians the courses of the present rivers
need not coincide with the location of the pre-Permian rivers, even if
the latter persisted in their courses through the growth of the Permian
folding; subsequent elevations and adjustments to hard beds, at first
buried and unseen, may have greatly displaced them, in accordance with
Löwl's principle.
[Footnote 20: Hilber, Pet. Mitth., xxxv, 1889, 13.]
When the deeper channelling of a stream discovers an unconformable
subjacent terrane, the streams persist at least for a time in the
courses that were determined in the overlying mass; they are then
called superimposed (Powell), inherited (Shaler), or epigenetic
(Richthofen). Such streams are particularly liable to readjustment by
transfer of channels from courses that lead them over hard beds to
others on which the hard beds are avoided; for the first choice of
channels, when the unconformable cover was still present, was made
without any knowledge of the buried rock structure or of the
difficulties in which the streams would be involved when they
encountered it. The examples of falls produced when streams terrace
their flood-plains and run on buried spurs has already been referred to
as superimposed; and the rivers of Minnesota now disclosing half-buried
ledges here and there may be instanced as illustrating the transition
stage between simple consequent courses, determined by the form of the
drift sheet on which their flow began, and the fully inconsequent
courses that will be developed there in the future.
22. _Simple, compound, composite and complex rivers_.--We have thus far
considered an ideal river. It now seems advisable to introduce a few
terms with which to indicate concisely certain well marked
peculiarities in the history of actual rivers.
An original river has already been defined as one which first takes
possession of a land area, or which replaces a completely extinguished
river on a surface of rapid deformation.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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