Vol. II. No. 4. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, D. C. Price, 50 Cents. CONTENTS. Korea and the Koreans: Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N. (Illustrated with three maps.) The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain--its history and object: Josiah Pierce, Jr. Geographic Nomenclature: Herbert G. Ogden, Gustave Herrle, Marcus Baker and A. H. Thompson APPENDIX: Rules for the Orthography of Geographic Names: Contributed by G. Herrle. British System French System German System Alphabets: Russian-English English-Russian Published, AUGUST, 1890. PRESS OF TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR, NEW HAVEN, CONN. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. Vol. II. 1890. No. 4. KOREA AND THE KOREANS. BY J. B. BERNADOU. (Abstract of lecture, with the addition of some new material.) The Koreans are to be noted among nations for the possession of two very different vehicles for the expression of thought, which they put to nearly parallel uses for general needs of communication: a simple and very perfect alphabet, and a complex system of hieroglyphics. The alphabet they owe to the Buddhist priests, missionaries, who took the idea of letters from their sacred books, and developed the Korean symbols for the writing of tracts and prayers; the hieroglyphics came from the mother country and civilizer, China. The needs of a simpler mode of writing for the intelligent, non-literary classes of Japan, had led in that country to a similar development; but there progress stopped at a syllabary, and the alphabetic stage was not reached. Until within the past few years the development of accurate maps and charts of Korea has been retarded, partly from a lack of reliable information concerning Korean proper names, and partly from the absence of systematic surveys of the coast. Very recently, however, the difficulties of map making have been considerably lessened through the efforts of students of the Korean language, who have developed exact systems of transliteration, by the application of which the sounds of Korean proper names may be correctly expressed in our own letters. At the present day it would seem possible, therefore, to fix, by common consent, upon a general, systematic orthography for Korean proper names, to be used upon the charts prepared by all those nations employing Roman letters; and this without serious danger of clashing with previously developed national systems, or having to undo much work done by others.