WINES, M. W., Coast and Geodetic Survey. WINSLOW, PROF. ARTHUR, State Geological Survey, Jefferson City, Mo. WINSTON, ISAAC, Coast and Geodetic Survey. WINTER, DR. JOHN T., 1528 Ninth Street. *WOODWARD, A. E., {xxxv} WOODWARD, R. S., _a_, Coast and Geodetic Survey. WRIGHT, ENS. BENJAMIN, U. S. N., Coast and Geodetic Survey. YEATES, CHAS. M., _a_, _c_, 404½ Liberty Street, Winston, N. C. YOUNG, F. A., Coast and Geodetic Survey. * * * * * _Summary_. Active members 373 Corresponding members 95 Life members 6 --- Total 474 VOL. III, PP. 1-30, PL. 1, MARCH 28, 1891 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SOUTH AMERICA ANNUAL ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT GARDINER G. HUBBARD [Illustration: National Geographic Society seal] WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Price 25 Cents. {1} VOL. III, PP 1-30, PL 1., MARCH 28, 1891. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SOUTH AMERICA. ANNUAL ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, GARDINER G. HUBBARD. (_Presented to the Society December 19, 1890._) Two years ago I selected for my annual address _Africa, or the Dark Continent_; last year _Asia, the Land of Mountains and Deserts_; this year I have chosen _South America, the Land of Rivers and Pampas_. [Illustration: VOL. III, 1891, PL. 1. SOUTH AMERICA. From the International Cylopedia, by permission of Dodd, Mead & Company.] * * * * * The recent meeting of the Pan-American Congress has called attention to South America, a part of our continent under republican forms of government and rich in products which we lack, while it relies mainly on other foreign countries for goods which we manufacture. North America and South America should be more closely united, for the one is the complement of the other. The prominent features of South America are its long ranges of mountains--next to the Himalayas the highest in the world,--its great valley, and its immense plateau extending from the Straits of Magellan to the Caribbean sea. THE MOUNTAINS. The Andes rise in the extreme south at Cape Horn, run in a northerly course through Patagonia and southern Chili; thence continuing in three nearly parallel ranges, the western chain called the Andes, the others known as the Cordilleras, through Peru, {2} Bolivia and Ecuador to Colombia. The Cordilleras and the Andes are connected in several places by knots or cross-chains of mountains. In Colombia the Andes turn to the northwest, reaching their lowest elevation at the Panama canal, and continue thence, through Central America and North America as the Rocky Mountains, to the Arctic ocean. Near the source of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers in Colombia, the eastern range is deflected to the east along the northern coast of South America. The central range disappears between the Magdalena and Cauca rivers.