Fish, among which the salmon is very plentiful, are harpooned, taken by ivory fishing hooks, or chipped out of blocks of ice in which they have become deposited at the freezing of a small lake, which may have been converted into a solid mass of ice. The scraping, chewing, and drying of skins is one of the chief employments of women, and so careful are they, that no part of the carcase is wasted, and even the intestines of a seal are made to furnish transparent waterproofs, which are, of course, very light and convenient to carry. Driftwood from the seashore is used in making bows and sledges, while the antlers of the reindeer help to form smooth runners, and the sinews give elasticity to wooden bows. Knives, scrapers, hooks, utensils, prongs of harpoons, and arrowheads, all depend for their manufacture on supplies of ivory and bone, in the working of which the Eskimo is most ingenious. Strange to say, the caves of very ancient Europe, when excavated, have sometimes yielded specimens of engraved ivory very closely resembling the products of the Eskimo. From the caves La Madeleine and Bruniquel are derived some excellent specimens of engraving on bone, an art which flourished in some parts of Southern Europe towards the end of the old Stone Age. The question of the origin and migrations of the Eskimo, together with speculations concerning their connection with the bone workers of ancient Europe, are very interesting, but perhaps too long and difficult for a small reading-book. In addition to the kayak already described, women use a large open boat shaped like a trough and capable of holding about twenty people. With this “umiak” single-bladed paddles are employed, and a low lug-sail made of strips of walrus-intestine is sometimes hoisted. For steering, a paddle is used, and a rudder is to be found only when the Eskimo have copied the steering device from European whalers. [Illustration: A UMIAK AND ESKIMO DOGS AND SLEDGE.] The best sledges are made by the tribes of Hudson and Davis Straits, for in these regions the most substantial pieces of driftwood are to be found. The dog team is strong, intelligent, and willing to work; so ready to start that the Eskimo driver may be in danger of being left behind. Careful training of the animals is necessary, and sometimes there is a great deal of harshness before they are fit to harness; perhaps the worst qualities of the dogs are extreme ferocity and pugnacity. Dr. Boas says: