CHAPTER I. ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. PAGE. Facts and Theories--Hypotheses concerning Origin--Unity of Race--Diversity of Race--Spontaneous Generation--Origin of Animals and Plants--Primordial Centres of Population-- Distribution of Plants and Animals--Adaptability of Species to Locality--Classification of Species--Ethnological Tests--Races of the Pacific--First Intercourse with Europeans 1 CHAPTER II. HYPERBOREANS. General Divisions--Hyperborean Nations--Aspects of Nature--Vegetation--Climate--Animals--The Eskimos--Their Country--Physical Characteristics--Dress--Dwellings--Food-- Weapons--Boats--Sledges--Snow-Shoes--Government--Domestic Affairs--Amusements--Diseases--Burial--The Koniagas, their Physical and Social Condition--The Aleuts--The Thlinkeets-- The Tinneh 35 CHAPTER III. COLUMBIANS. Habitat of the Columbian Group--Physical Geography--Sources of Food Supply--Influence of Food and Climate--Four extreme Classes--Haidahs--Their Home--Physical Peculiarities-- Clothing--Shelter--Sustenance--Implements--Manufactures-- Arts--Property--Laws--Slavery--Women--Customs--Medicine-- Death--The Nootkas--The Sound Nations--The Chinooks--The Shushwaps--The Salish--The Sahaptins 150 CHAPTER IV. CALIFORNIANS. Groupal Divisions; Northern, Central, and Southern Californians, and Shoshones--Country of the Californians-- The Klamaths, Modocs, Shastas, Pitt River Indians, Eurocs, Cahrocs, Hoopahs, Weeyots, Tolewahs, and Rogue River Indians and their Customs--The Tehamas, Pomos, Ukiahs, Gualalas, Sonomas, Petalumas, Napas, Suscols, Suisunes, Tamales, Karquines, Tulomos, Thamiens, Olchones, Runsiens, Escelens, and others of Central California--The Cahuillos, Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission Rancherías of Southern California--The Snakes or Shoshones proper, Utahs, Bannocks, Washoes and other Shoshone Nations 322 CHAPTER V. NEW MEXICANS. Geographical Position of this Group, and Physical Features of the Territory--Family Divisions; Apaches, Pueblos, Lower Californians, and Northern Mexicans--The Apache Family: Comanches, Apaches proper, Hualapais, Yumas, Cosninos, Yampais, Yalchedunes, Yamajabs, Cruzados, Nijoras, Navajos, Mojaves, and their customs--The Pueblo Family: Pueblos, Moquis, Pimas, Maricopas, Pápagos, and their Neighbors--The Cochimis, Waicuris, Pericuis, and other Lower Californians-- The Seris, Sinaloas, Tarahumares, Conchos, Tepehuanes, Tobosos, Acaxees, and others in Northern Mexico 471