(2.) In the same northern regions, too, is the Hercynian[2201] Forest, whose gigantic oaks,[2202] uninjured by the lapse of ages, and contemporary with the creation of the world, by their near approach to immortality surpass all other marvels known. Not to speak of other matters that would surpass all belief, it is a well-known fact that their roots,[2203] as they meet together, upheave vast hills; or, if the earth happens not to accumulate with them, rise aloft to the very branches even, and, as they contend for the mastery, form arcades, like so many portals thrown open, and large enough to admit of the passage of a squadron of horse. (3.) All these trees, in general, belong to the glandiferous class,[2204] and have ever been held in the highest honour by the Roman people. CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE ACORN OAK. THE CIVIC CROWN. It is with the leaves of this class of trees that our civic crown is made, the most glorious reward that can be bestowed on military valour, and, for this long time past, the emblem of the imperial[2205] clemency; since the time, in fact, when, after the impiety of civil war, it was first deemed a meritorious action not to shed the blood of a fellow-citizen. Far inferior to this in rank are the mural[2206] crown, the vallar,[2207] and the golden[2208] one, superior though they may be in the value of the material: inferior, too, in merit, is the rostrate[2209] crown, though ennobled, in recent times more particularly, by two great names, those of M. Varro,[2210] who was presented with it by Pompeius Magnus, for his great achievements in the Piratic War, and of M. Agrippa, on whom it was bestowed by Cæsar, at the end of the Sicilian War, which was also a war against pirates. In former days the beaks[2211] of vessels, fastened in front of the tribunal, graced the Forum, and seemed, as it were, a crown placed upon the head of the Roman people itself. In later times, however, they began to be polluted and trodden under foot amid the seditious movements of the tribunes, the public interest was sacrificed to private advantage, each citizen sought solely his own advancement, and everything looked upon as holy was abandoned to profanation—still, from amid all this, the Rostra[2212] emerged once again, and passed from beneath the feet of the citizens to their heads. Augustus presented to Agrippa the rostrate crown, while he himself received the civic crown[2213] at the hands of all mankind. CHAP. 4.—THE ORIGIN OF THE PRESENTATION OF CROWNS.