Phidias, besides the Olympian Jupiter, which no one has ever equalled, also executed in ivory the erect statue of Minerva, which is in the Parthenon at Athens.[1392] He also made in brass, beside the Amazon above mentioned,[1393] a Minerva, of such exquisite beauty, that it received its name from its fine proportions.[1394] He also made the Cliduchus,[1395] and another Minerva, which Paulus Æmilius dedicated at Rome in the Temple of Fortune[1396] of the passing day. Also the two statues, draped with the pallium, which Catulus erected in the same temple; and a nude colossal statue. Phidias is deservedly considered to have discovered and developed the toreutic art.[1397] Polycletus of Sicyon,[1398] the pupil of Agelades, executed the Diadumenos,[1399] the statue of an effeminate youth, and remarkable for having cost one hundred talents; as also the statue of a youth full of manly vigour, and called the Doryphoros.[1400] He also made what the artists have called the Model statue,[1401] and from which, as from a sort of standard, they study the lineaments: so that he, of all men, is thought in one work of art to have exhausted all the resources of art. He also made statues of a man using the body-scraper,[1402] and of a naked man challenging to play at dice;[1403] as also of two naked boys playing at dice, and known as the Astragalizontes;[1404] they are now in the atrium of the Emperor Titus, and it is generally considered, that there can be no work more perfect than this. He also executed a Mercury, which was formerly at Lysimachia; a Hercules Ageter,[1405] seizing his arms, which is now at Rome; and an Artemon, which has received the name of Periphoretos.[1406] Polycletus is generally considered as having attained the highest excellence in statuary, and as having perfected the toreutic[1407] art, which Phidias invented. A discovery which was entirely his own, was the art of placing statues on one leg. It is remarked, however, by Varro, that his statues are all square-built,[1408] and made very much after the same model.[1409]