_c._ _Filing the teeth, dyeing the teeth._--A Malay habit. There are not less than three varieties of this operation. 1. Sometimes the enamel, and no more, is filed off. This enables the tooth to receive and retain its appropriate dye. 2. Sometimes the teeth are merely pointed. 3. Sometimes they are filed down to the gums. This is the case with many of the Sumatran women of Lampong.[53] It may be doubted whether this last be wholly due to the process of filing down. Dyeing may follow filing, or not, as the case may be. In Sumatra, where a jetty blackness is aimed at, the empyreumatic oil of the cocoa-nut is used. Even, however, if no dyeing follow, the teeth will become black from the simple filing, if the chewing of the betel-nut be habitual. _d._ _Distension of the ears._--Many of the tribes that file their teeth, also distend their ears. Both are Malay habits. In some parts of Sumatra, when the child is young, the ear is bored, and rings are put in. Here the process stops in England, and the civilized world. In other parts, however, the rings are weighted, so as to pull down the lobe; or ornaments, gradually increased in diameter, are inserted; so that the perforation becomes enlarged. Simple perforation may extend to a mere multiplication of the holes of the ear. In Borneo, the Sakarran tribes wear more earrings than one, and are distinguished accordingly; "when you meet a man with many rings distrust him" being one of their cautions. Mr. Brooke met a Sakarran with twelve rings in his ear. _e._ _Growth of the nails._--In Borneo, the right thumb-nail is encouraged to grow to a great length. So it is in parts of the Philippines. Such are some of the more prominent Malay customs, others will present themselves, as other islands come under notice. _Was Sumatra or Malacca the original country of the Malays?_--The _primâ facie_ is in favour of the island having been peopled from the continent. The traditions, perhaps, indeed, the _histories_ of the Mahometan Malays complicate this view. According to the earliest accounts, Malacca and Singhapura were built by settlers from Menangkabaw. The two commonest accounts of the Mahometan Malaccan settlement, although disagreeing in certain details, agree in this. In _one_ sense then, at least, Sumatra is probably the parent state: it is probably the quarter from which the more civilized Malays of the coast invaded Malacca; and, if so, is also the earlier civilized locality. But this may be the case, without invalidating the _primâ facie_ evidence in favour of the continent being the birthplace of the stock. The Malays of the Jokong type have never been derived from Sumatra; on the contrary, it is very probable that the earliest Sumatrans were offsets from Malacca. At any rate, the Malaccan origin of the earlier Sumatrans, and the Sumatran origin of the later Malaccans, are perfectly compatible doctrines.