As to the presumed date of the Malaccan settlements, it has already been placed in the thirteenth century. Whether this be an historical fact or not, it is certain that when Marco Polo, anterior to any Portuguese voyager, visited Sumatra, and described it under the name of _Java Minor_, the kingdom of Atchin, at least, was powerful, flourishing, and Mahometan. JAVA. _Languages._--1. Sunda, spoken by one tenth of the population, and limited to the western side of the island. 2. Javan proper, falling into _a._ The Archaic dialect. _b._ The Court dialect. _c._ The popular dialect. Culture of Indian origin; which, after attaining its full development, was replaced by Mahometanism, is the leading fact in the ethnography of Java. Or--changing the expression--of the three forms of development the proper Malay, the Indian, and the Arabic, it is the _second_ which is paramount in Java. The details of its displacement by Mahometanism are historical rather than ethnological. Neither are they well ascertained even as historical facts. The date, however, is some part of the fifteenth century. So exclusively have the Indian elements of the Javanese history and archæology riveted the attention of scholars, that the Mahometan influence on one side, and the remains of the primitive Malay development, have been thrown in the back ground. The Indian elements still extant, are referable to the three following heads. 1. Language. 2. Literature. 3. Art. 1. _Language._--Notice has been taken of the existence in Java of a _court_ dialect, the _Bhasa Krama_ or _Bhasa Bhilem_. This, perhaps, is a phenomenon more redolent of Hindostan, than of the proper Malay kingdoms. The _Bhasa krama_, however, is by no means the preeminently Indianized portion of the Javanese language. The _Archaic_ Javanese is the famous _Kawi_ language. The Kawi language was described by Sir Stamford Raffles as Sanskrit, that had taken a Javanese form in respect to its grammar; and it is from the notices of Raffles and Crawford that the details of the Kawi language were first made known. This view has been reversed by Wilhelm von Humboldt. His great work on the Kawi language supplies reasons for considering the Kawi, as ancient Javanese, loaded with Sanskrit vocables. 2. _Literature._--The Kawi language, an Indianized archaic, or poetical dialect, is the vehicle for that portion of the older Javanese literature which is most based upon Sanskrit models. The great poem in Kawi is the _Bhrata Yuddha_, an imitation of the Mahabharata. The Javanese annals, whether in Kawi, or Javan, in all probability deserve the low opinion that Mr. Crawford entertains of them; as there is no department in literature where a Sanskrit model would be more out of place, than for historical composition.