_Locality._--The northern part of the Uralian range, and the country to the east as far as the Irtish, and Tobol, and as far north as the Soswa a feeder of the Obi. Tradition says that they extended as far westward as the Dwina. Probability that they extended further south. _Name._--The Voguls call themselves and the Ostiaks Mansi. They are called by the Siranians Yograyess, and Vagol. _Conterminous with._--The Siranians on the west, the Obi Ostiaks on the east, the Bashkirs on the south. _Dialects._--The northern Vogul of the Sosva, the southern of the Tura, a tributary of the Tobol. _Population._--According to Schubert, one hundred thousand. _Religion._--Shamanism, or imperfect Christianity. _Physical appearance._--Stature small, complexion light, face broad and round, beard scanty, hair long, black, or brown, sometimes red. The Kalmuk (_i.e._ Mongolian) character of the Vogul physiognomy is noticed by Pallas. The Voguls are very nearly on the low level of a tribe of fishers and hunters. Except towards the south, where they are partially Russianized, and where they have also partially adopted the manners of the Bashkirs, there is but little pasturage, and no agriculture. The horse is not in use amongst them--the rein-deer being the nearest approach to a domestic animal. Their tribute is paid in its skins. THE OSTIAKS. _Locality._--Valley of the Obi--Eastwards to the Yenisey. _Name._--Russian, probably originally Bashkir. The native name--Kondycho, Tyakum, or Asyakh. Called by the Samöeids, Thahe; by the Voguls, Mansi. _Conterminous with._--The Voguls on the west, the Samöeids on the north, the Barabinsky and other Turkish tribes, and (probably) with the Yeniseians on the south. _Numbers._--About one hundred thousand. _Dialects._--Numerous.--The Southern mixed with the Vogul, the Northern with the Samöeid. _Physical appearance._--Stature short, bones small, muscular strength little; face flat, hair red, or reddish. _Religion._--Shamanism in the north, imperfect Christianity in the south. The Ostiaks are almost wholly a nation of fishers. That their limits originally extended farther south than at present is highly probable. A tradition concerning their migration from the _west_ will be noticed in the section upon the Samöeids. Notwithstanding the close affinity between the Ostiaks and the Voguls, the two nations were, at the time of the Russian conquest, in continual warfare against each other: the Ostiaks being under the government of petty hereditary chiefs. In the pagan parts of the Ostiak country polygamy is the custom. 2. THE PERMIANS. _Locality._--The government of Perm; of which they form less than a quarter, the rest being Russians or Russianized Finns. _Name._---Russian, probably taken from the Scandinavian term Bjarma. The native term is Komi-uter, or Komi-murt.