Two lists, one of Finlandic, and one of Swedish, words have been placed at the head of the present section, for the sake of serving as an introduction to some of the questions contained in it. They are all taken from Rühs' work on _Finland and its inhabitants_, where the analysis of the language serves instead of historical testimony. By observing what terms are native, and what are Swedish, we separate the early native civilization of Finland, from the civilization introduced from Sweden. Thus, on looking over the preceding glosses, we find that the only terms applicable to a social or political constitution, are those for _slave_ and _freeman_; _king_, _ruler_, _judge_, &c., being expressed by Swedish words. So also with the industrial trades; _weaving_ was Finnic from the beginning, and so was _smith's-work_; but the _carpenter_, the _builder_, the _ship-builder_, are importations, and so on. There are native terms for _buying and selling_, for _ale and beer_, and for more than two musical instruments; but there are no native terms for _wine_, and none for _dancing_. For the _metals_, and _agriculture_, the terms are _almost_ always native. _Cheese_, however, on the one side, and _gold_, _tin_, and _lead_, on the other, have Swedish names. So have _oats_ and _rye_. Music, and songs, and a mythology belonged to the early Finlanders; the second being always accompanied by the first, and the three illustrating each other. The great foreign influence that has affected the Finlanders of Finland, is the Swedish, and this may be considered to have been in steady and continuous operation, from the reign of Eric the Holy, in the A.D. 1156. This king, bent upon conquest and conversion, landed in South Finland, and founded what was then a new mission or colony, in the present province of Nyland (Newland). From this point, the power of Sweden gradually spread towards the inner portions of the country; northwards and eastwards: not unopposed, but opposed ineffectually, by the heathens of Tawastaland and Carelia. 5. ESTHONIAN FINS. _Locality._--South of the Baltic, in Esthonia, Livonia, and part of Courland. Conterminous with the Russians, and the Courland Lithuanians. _Dialects._--Two: the common Esthonian, and the Esthonian of Dorpat. _Native Name._--_Rahwas_; of the country _Marahwas_. 6. THE LAPLANDERS. _Habits._--Nomadic. _Religion._--Imperfect Christianity of the Greek Church with the Russian; imperfect Protestantism with the Swedish and Norwegian Laplanders. _Native Name._--Same, Sabome. 7. HUNGARIANS. _Locality._--Hungary; mixed with German, Slavonic, and Wallachian tribes. _Native Name._--Majiar. The Majiars are Ugrian, the country from which they descended being that of the Bashkirs, conterminous with the southern limits of the present Ugrian area, of which it was once a part. The date of their migration is about A.D. 900.