The Natural Philosophy of William Gilbert and His PredecessorsKing, W. James (William James)
History
The Natural Philosophy of William Gilbert and His Predecessors
King, W. James (William James)
Gilbert, William, 1544-1603; Magnetism -- History
Coition (he did not take up revolution at this point) differed from
that due to other attractions. There are two and only two kinds of
bodies that can attract: electric and magnetic.[125] Gilbert refined
his position further by arguing that one does not even have magnetic
attraction[126] but instead the mutual motion to union that he called
coition.[127] In electric attraction, one has an action-passion
relation of cause and effect with an external agent and a passive
recipient; while in magnetic coition, both bodies act and are acted
upon, and both move together.[128] Instead of an agent and a patient
in coition,[129] one has "conactus." Coition, as the Latin origin of
the term denoted, is always a concerted action. [130] This can be seen
from the motions of two loadstones floating on water.[131] The mutual
motion in coition was one of the reasons for Gilbert's rejection of
the perpetual motion machine of Peregrinus.[132]
[123] _Ibid._, ch. 1, pp. 45-46.
[124] M: pp. 110, 314.
[125] M: pp. 82, 105, 170, 172, 217.
[126] M: p. 98.
[127] M: pp. 100, 112, 113, 143, 148. It need hardly be
pointed out that coitus is not an impersonal term.
[128] M: p. 110.
[129] M: p. 110.
[130] M: pp. 109, 115, 148, 149, 155, 166, 174.
[131] M: pp. 110, 155.
[132] M: pp. 166, 332. See also footnote 84.
Magnetic coition, unlike electric attraction, cannot be screened.[133]
Hence it cannot be corporeal for it travels freely through bodies[134]
and especially magnetic bodies;[135] one can understand the action of
the armature on this basis.[136] Since coition cannot be prevented by
shielding, it must have an immaterial cause.[137]
[133] M: pp. 90, 106, 107, 108, 113, 132, 135, 136, 158. This
is, of course, contrary to modern experience.
[134] M: pp. 106, 107, 108, 114, 134, 136, 140, 162.
[135] M: pp. 106, 109, 114, 159, 162.
[136] M: pp. 137-140.
[137] M: p. 109.
Yet, unless one has the occult action-at-a-distance, change must be
caused by contact forces. Gilbert resolved the paradox of combining
contact forces with forces that cannot be shielded, by passing to a
higher level of abstraction for the explanation of magnetic phenomena:
he saw the contact as that of a form with matter.
Although Gilbert remarked that the cause of magnetic phenomena did
not fall within any of the categories of the formal causes of the
Aristotelians, he did not renounce for this reason the medieval
tradition. Actually there are many similarities between Gilbert's
explanation of the loadstone's powers and that of St. Thomas. Magnetic
coition is not due to any of the generic or specific forms of the
Aristotelian elements, nor is it due to the primary qualities of any
of their elements, nor is it due to the celestial "generans" of
terrestrial change.[138]
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