The Nature of Animal LightHarvey, E. Newton (Edmund Newton)
Science
The Nature of Animal Light
Harvey, E. Newton (Edmund Newton)
Phosphorescence
raise the temperature, luminescence will occur with an oxygen pressure
of 583 mm. Hg.
A somewhat analogous case is presented by the oxidation of pyrogallol
solution in contact with ozone, except that in this reaction too high a
concentration of pyrogallol will hinder the oxidation. I have not
studied the effect of varying concentrations of ozone. If oxygen, passed
through an ozonizer (the silent electric discharge tube), is bubbled
through m/100 pyrogallol, no luminescence occurs at 0°, a fair
luminescence at 20°, a good luminescence at 50°, and a bright
luminescence at the boiling point. If the pyrogallol is of _m_
concentration, no luminescence occurs at 0° or 20°, a fair luminescence
at 50°, and a bright luminescence at the boiling point. For a definite
temperature, say 20°, no light appears if the pyrogallol is of _m_
concentration, but if we raise the temperature, luminescence can occur.
The similarity to phosphorus is obvious. Thus the "maximum luminescence
pressure" of pyrogallol increases with increase of temperature.
We have already seen that pyrogallol can also be oxidized, if H_{2}O_{2}
is present, by a great variety of substances, such as peroxidases of
potato or turnip juice, hæmoglobin, KMnO_{4}, K_{4}Fe(CN)_{6}, CrO_{3},
MnO_{2}, hypochlorites and hypobromites, or colloidal Pt and Ag. For
convenience we may collectively speak of these as oxidizers. They are
recorded in Table 13. No light occurs if H_{2}O_{2}is absent. In the
case of some of these oxidizers pyrogallol will luminesce in dilute
concentrations but not in strong. Also, dilute pyrogallol will luminesce
with a dilute solution of oxidizer but not with a concentrated solution
of oxidizer. The effect of rise in temperature in these cases also is to
increase the "maximum luminescence concentration" of pyrogallol and the
"maximum luminescence concentration" of oxidizer. Table 11 shows this
effect of temperature with K_{4}Fe(CN)_{6} and varying concentrations of
pyrogallol, and Table 12 shows the effect of temperature with pyrogallol
and varying concentrations of K_{4}Fe(CN)_{6}. Table 10 shows the
relation between temperature and intensity of luminescence with
pyrogallol and various oxidizers. The terms _faint_, _fair_, _good_, and
_bright_ are purely relative designations of brightness as estimated by
the eye, for accurate measurements of weak intensities are very
difficult to make.
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