[20] In the _Biennial Report of the Board of Health of New Orleans, La., 1906-1907_, this diagram of Mr. Hoffman is reproduced with the following comment: (p. 113) "The colored mortality has not only been excessive, but has borne no relation whatever to the white mortality curve, being on the ascending scale at times when the white mortality was clearly on the decrease." A comparison with Mr. Hoffman's words about the two death-rates quoted above and a glance at the curves supply sufficient commentary upon this biased view. [21] _Mortality Among Negroes in Cities_, Atlanta University Pubs., no. 1, (Atlanta, Ga., 1896), p. 51; _vide_ pp. 21-25; and 2nd ed., 1903, pp. 11-15. [22] _Annual Reports of the Health Department of the City of Richmond, Va._, 1906, p. 22; 1907, p. 34; 1908, pp. 39-40. [23] _Cf._ Ray Stannard Baker, in _American Magazine_, Feb. and March, 1908, and _Following the Color Line_, (New York, 1909), pp. 54-55. [24] For a large body of facts and opinions on this point see _Atlanta University Pubs., no. 8_, pp. 64-79; 108-110; 154-190. Personal observation during residence of the past twelve years in Louisville, Ky., Memphis and Nashville, Tenn., Atlanta, Ga., Chicago, and New York, and during visits to Baltimore, Md., Washington, D.C., Norfolk and Richmond, Va., Savannah and Augusta, Ga., Chattanooga, Tenn., Birmingham and Mobile, Ala., New Orleans, La., and smaller cities has afforded the author of this essay considerable opportunity to know at first-hand this phase of Negro city life. [25] _Atlanta University Pubs., no. 9, Notes on Negro Crime: Crime in Cities_, by M.N. Work (Atlanta, Ga., 1904), pp. 18-32; _cf._ pp. 49-54. _Vide_ also Kellor, _Experimental Sociology_, pp. 250 _ff._ [26] _Op. cit._, p. 22. [27] _Ibid._, pp. 26-29 _passim._ [28] _Op. cit._, p. 32. [29] Philadelphia is the only city which has had adequate study. _Vide_ DuBois, W.E.B., _The Philadelphia Negro_, (Philadelphia, 1889) and Wright, R.R., Jr., _The Negro in Pennsylvania, a Study in Economic History_ (Philadelphia, 1912). [30] _Vide_ Weber, _op. cit., passim._ [31] _Ibid._, 232 _ff._; 241 _ff._; 283 _ff._; 346-364, _passim._ [32] A suggestive study on this phase of the city problem has been published recently: _Industrial Causes of Congestion of Population in New York City_, by E.E. Pratt, Ph.D., (New York, 1911), pp. 5-262. [33] Weber, _op. cit._, pp. 161-169; 223. [34] _Ibid._, pp. 171-173; 181-182; 223-224. [35] Weber, _op. cit._, pp. 184-191. [36] _Ibid._, pp. 210, 213-222. CHAPTER II THE NEGRO POPULATION OF NEW YORK CITY