1. A Historical View of Occupations 66 2. Occupations in 1890 and 1900 69 3. Occupations in 1905 72 CHAPTER V WAGES AND EFFICIENCY OF WAGE-EARNERS 1. Wages in Domestic and Personal Service 78 2. Wages in Other Occupations 82 3. Efficiency of Wage-Earners 83 PART II THE NEGRO IN BUSINESS IN NEW YORK CITY CHAPTER I THE CHARACTER OF NEGRO BUSINESS ENTERPRISES 1. The Business Promise 93 2. A History of the Negro in Business 94 3. The Nature of the Establishments in 1909 98 4. Ownership of Establishments 100 5. Size of Business Enterprises 104 CHAPTER II THE VOLUME OF BUSINESS 1. Valuation of Tools and Fixtures 109 2. The Amount of Merchandise on Hand 111 3. Gross Receipts in 1907 and 1908 113 CHAPTER III DEALING WITH THE COMMUNITY 1. Age of Establishments 117 2. Permanence of Location 118 3. Business Methods 120 4. Credit Relationships 122 5. The Purchasing Public 123 CHAPTER IV SOME SAMPLE ENTERPRISES 1. Individuals and Partnerships 127 2. The Negro Corporation 137 CONCLUSION 143 APPENDICES, A, B, C 149 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 154 INDEX 157 PART I THE NEGRO AS A WAGE EARNER IN NEW YORK CITY CHAPTER I THE CITY[1] AND THE NEGRO--THE PROBLEM The city of to-day, the growth of the past century, is a permanent development. Dr. Weber has effectively treated the history, nature, causes and effects of the concentration. He shows[2] that the percentage of urban population has varied in different countries; and that this is due mainly to the varying density of population and to the diverse physical features of the countries which have been differently affected by the Industrial Revolution and the era of railroads. The causes of this concentration have been the divorce of men from the soil, the growth of commercial centers, the growth of industrial centers, and such secondary and individual causes as legislation, educational and social advantages. In the United States, city growth has been affected by all of the several causes that have operated in other countries, modified at times and in places by exceptional influences.[3]