A teacher of geology in one of our large colleges, who had just finished a lecture upon the Plutonic theory, said, “I have given that theory because it is the teaching of all our text-books; but I do not believe it. Many facts now coming to light show that the Water theory is destined to come to the front.” 11. The fact that submarine volcanoes happen, without letting the ocean into the great sea of lava, shows that no such sea is there. But for the money and reputation invested in school books upon this defunct theory, it would have been, before this, consigned to the Plutonic hell of the Greeks, from whence, it is more than probable, it originated. 12. Many admitted facts are utterly inconsistent with this theory. We will stop to notice but two. (1.) It is a generally admitted fact, that the entire land portions of the explored earth, including Greenland to the 80th parallel, were either in a tropical or semi-tropical climate, from the beginning of sedimentary rock, up to and far into the so-called Alluvium deposit, and even to the historic age. “The climate of England was warmer than any now known on the earth.” Sir Chas. Lyell stated, that the only exceptions breaking in upon this uniformly warm climate were temporary changes during the great glacial epochs. This uniform heat could not result from the present auxiliary motion of the earth, nor with any good reason can we assert that the internal fires ever modulated the surface climate so much as one degree. Scientists are a unit in affirming that, for the last four thousand years, there has been no perceptible influence from this cause, upon our climate. A rupture of the earth’s crust, and a change of pole three thousand miles, and a complete change of pole-pointing, resulting in our present alternating seasons, has probably happened within the “historic age,” and probably within five thousand years. This could not be upon the Plutonic basis. Our earth could not part, and swim off upon a globe of melted lava. (2.) Diatoms are now known to have existed, coequal with the deposit of all stratified rock. This is a well verified fact, but utterly inconsistent with the Plutonic theory. Upon this theory, the early crust of Earth must have remained at a white heat. Water could not lie upon it at all. Hence, both deposits in water and animal life would be out of the question. The fact of both, to say nothing of the well established fact of the sedimentary nature of granite, must ever brand the theory as contradicting the plain facts of nature. These facts equally refute the more modern notion of metamorphism of rock. The very waves of the sea unite in a chorus with the rocks, “The Plutonic foundations of the earth’s crust exist only in the imagination of man.” Section 2. We will State the Neptunian Theory as a Hypothesis. 1. All matter was created at once, and is correlative.