13. Average surface winds and pressure of the globe 102 14. How winds would blow into a cyclone on a non-rotating earth 108 15. Deflection of wind due to earth’s rotation 109 16. Annual, summer, and winter wind velocities with altitude 110 17. Tornado Cloud 145 18. The St. Louis Tornado of May 27, 1896, Shot a Pine Scantling through the Iron Side of the Eads Bridge 147 19. The St. Louis Tornado of May 27, 1896, Shot a Shovel Six Inches into the Body of a Tree 147 20. The St. Louis Tornado Drove Straws One half Inch into Wood 149 21. Equinoxes, March 21 and September 22 163 22. Summer Solstice, June 21 164 23. Winter Solstice, December 21 164 24. Winter and Summer Solstices, and the Equinoxes 165 25. As angle of incidence decreases from 90° to 10° the heat received on upper end of blocks is spread over greater area at bottom, and its temperature diminished 165 26. Altitude attained by Sun at midday and length of its track above the horizon at the Summer and Winter Solstices and at the two Equinoxes 167 27. Summer day and Summer night temperatures in the same narrow valley 204 28. Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall of Typical Places in North America 207 29. Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall of Typical Places in the Old World 208 30. Changes in Climate in California during the Christian Era 237 31. Snow Crystals 286 LIST OF CHARTS CHART PAGE 1. High and Low Centers of Action and Prevailing Winds of the Globe for July 99 2. High and Low Centers of Action and Prevailing Winds of the Globe for January 100 3. Winter Storm, December 15, 1893, 8 A.M. 114 4. Winter Storm, December 15, 1893, 8 P.M. 116 5. Winter Storm, December 16, 1893, 8 A.M. 118 6. Cold Wave Zones, March to November. Amount of Fall and Verifying Limit 127 7. Cold Wave Zones, December, January, and February. Amount of Fall and Verifying Limit 128 8. Lowest Temperatures in the United States, 1871-1913 129 9. Number of Cold Waves, 1904-1914, Inclusive 130