How much do you know of the great aërial ocean on the bottom of which you live and in which human beings are just beginning to fly? Its variations of heat, cold, sunshine, cloud, and tempest materially affect not only the health and happiness of man but his commercial and industrial welfare, and yet few know more than little of the wonders of the life-giving medium that so intimately concerns them. =At the Height of Two Hundred Miles.= Here is only the invisible, the intangible ether which, while too tenuous to be detected or measured by any appliances of man, is supposed to transmit the rays of the sun. These rays, coming in the form of many different wave lengths, and with widely differing velocities of vibration, produce a multitude of phenomena as they are absorbed by or pass through the air, or as they reach the surface of the earth. The longer and slower waves are converted into heat, the shorter and more rapid ones into light, and the minutest movements probably into electricity. Oxygen and nitrogen, which form the greater part of the atmospheric gases, absorb comparatively little of the solar rays, while water vapor, which constitutes a little more than one per cent. of the atmosphere and which remains close to the earth, absorbs large quantities. From the fact that one half of the atmosphere, including nearly all of its water vapor, lies below an elevation of three and one half miles, it becomes evident that the greater part of the absorption of the sun’s rays must take place in the lower strata. On clear days the atmosphere absorbs nearly one half of the sun’s heat rays; the remainder reaches the surface of the earth, warms it and in turn is radiated back into the air,—with this difference: that as earth radiation the wave motion of the rays is longer and slower than it was when the rays entered our atmosphere as solar radiation. In this slower form the rays are the more readily absorbed. The atmosphere is thus warmed largely from the bottom upwards, which accounts for the perpetual freezing temperatures of high mountain peaks, although they are nearer the sun than are the bases from which they rise. =At the Height of One Hundred Miles.= The temperature at this altitude must be that of outside space, probably 459° F.[1] below zero. Air liquefies at 312° below, and therefore it cannot exist in the gaseous state in a region having a lower temperature. When it liquefies it has the color and general appearance of water, and about the same specific gravity. When a piece of steel and a lighted taper are brought together inside of a vessel filled with liquid air, the dense supply of oxygen makes combustion so rapid that the hard metal burns like tinder.