In so far as reference is made in laws or executive orders to provisions and institutions which are abolished by this Constitution, their places are taken by the corresponding provisions and institutions of this Constitution. In particular, the National Assembly takes the place of the National Convention, the National Council that of the Committee of the States, and the National President elected by authority of this Constitution that of the National President elected by authority of the law relating to the provisional government. The power to issue executive orders, conferring upon the Committee of the States in accordance with the provisions heretofore in effect, is transferred to the National Cabinet; in order to issue executive orders it requires the consent of the National Council in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. ARTICLE 180 Until the convening of the first National Assembly, the National Convention will function as the National Assembly. Until the inauguration of the first National President the office will be filled by the National President elected by authority of the law relating to the provisional government. ARTICLE 181 The German People have ordained and established this Constitution by their National Convention. It goes into effect upon the day of its promulgation. SCHWARZBURG, August 11, 1919 (_Signed_) The National President EBERT The National Cabinet BAUER ERZBERGER HERMANN MÜLLER DR. DAVID NOSKE SCHMIDT SCHLICKE GIESBERTS DR. MAYER DR. BELL FOOTNOTES [1] Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Saxe-Weimar, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Brunswick, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Anhalt, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck, Reuss (elder line), Reuss (younger line), Schaumburg-Lippe, Lippe, Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg. [2] See Joseph-Barthelémy, _les Institutions politiques de l’Allemagne contemporaine_, Paris, Alcan, 1915. [3] See Laband, _Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Reichsverfassung_ in the _Jahrbuch des oeffentlichen Rechts_, 1907, p. 1, _et seq._ [4] Piloty, _Die Umformung der Reichsregierung und die Reichsverfassung, Deutsche Juristen Zeitung_, 1918, p. 651, _et seq._; Stier-Somlo, _Reichsverfassung_, p. 6. Page 13, footnote 1. See the text of these claims in Gentizon, _la Révolution allemande_. 1 vol. Payot, Paris, 1919, p. 222. [5] It is interesting to note that with the exception of Barth all these men were members of the Reichstag before the Revolution. [6] See Jean de Granvilliers, _Essai sur le libéralisme allemand_, Paris, 1914. [7] See page 73, _et seq._, of this book.