It appears from the published text of the Bill [cl. 29, sub.-cl. 1] that the Lord-Lieutenant or a Secretary of State—in ordinary political language either the Irish Government or the Home Government—may refer a question whether any provision of an Irish Act or Bill is constitutional to be heard and determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. That Committee is to decide who are the proper parties to argue the case. There does not seem to be any reason to apprehend that the parties interested would make difficulties on the score of expense; they would be either public authorities or representative associations. This provision is really not a novelty but a special declaration, and perhaps an enlargement, of the very wide power given by the Act which established the Judicial Committee in 1833,(82) and empowered the King “to refer to the said Judicial Committee for hearing or consideration any such other matters whatsoever as His Majesty shall think fit”: a power more than once exercised in our own time.(83) It is quite easy, however, for even learned persons who are not familiar with the practice of the Privy Council to overlook the existence of this enactment, and therefore the insertion of an express clause in the Home Rule Bill is judicious. Probably no one will seriously propose to deprive the Crown, as regards Ireland, of a power which it already has throughout the British Empire. But it is a matter from which party politics ought to be rigorously excluded. It should be understood that the power will not be exercised without a considered opinion of the law officers, in Ireland or here, that there is a substantial and arguable question. IV.—Constitutional Limitations Upon The Powers Of The Irish Legislation. BY SIR JOHN MACDONELL, C.B., LL.D. Securities For Religious Freedom It may be of interest before dealing with the safeguards for religious liberty in Ireland to describe those adopted in other countries. This survey, made in no controversial spirit, may help to give a proper sense of perspective and proportion. A brief comparative study of the legal safeguards for religious liberty may not perhaps help much to inspire the spirit of charity and toleration, which are its best supports. But we know our own position better when we know that of others. It is some gain also to find that others have had the same problems as ours, and have solved them with more or less success. Certain fears are much abated when it is recognised that it is proposed to make in Ireland an experiment of a kind which has been satisfactorily carried out elsewhere. Political justice has been found, in the countries to which I refer, compatible with religious freedom. Why not in Ireland? Constitutional Limitations I. PROGRESS OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY