Surplus, embarrassing, 93, 173; an incentive to extravagance, 116, 136, 138; easily relieved, 174; nearly exhausted, 216. Taft, William II., decision as Circuit Judge against an industrial combination, 299; recalled from Philippines to be Secretary of War, 317; Roosevelt's choice for Presidency, 324; nominated and elected (1908), 325; urges tariff revision, 326, 327; alienates some of the Republican lenders, 327, 328; in the Pinchot-Ballinger dispute, 328, 329; pushes anti-trust suits, 330, 331; extends civil service, 331; negotiates arbitration treaties with Great Britain and France, 331, 332; renominated (1912), 336; badly defeated, 338. Tanner, James ("Corporal"), 172. Tarbell, Ida M., writes history of Standard Oil Company, 309, 310. Tariff, the favorite national tax, 6, 7; basis of the rate of, 7; at the end of the war, 8; different views of, 97; influence of, in Presidential campaigns, 100; revision of, 114, 116, 117; as a source of revenue, 114, 115; attacks upon, 115, 116; commission created to investigate needs of, 117, 118; difficulties of constructing, 118, 119, 140; revision demanded, 169; McKinley Bill, 172-75; opposition to the new law, 184; a factor in political landslide of 1890, 186; McKinley Bill in danger, 215; tariff for revenue the winning issue in 1890 and 1892, 220; financial interest of manufacturers in, 233; the Dingley Bill, 253, 254, 255; the "mother of trusts," 303; revised by Republicans, 326, 327; reduced by Democrats, 339. Taxes, as means of raising money, 6, 114, 115; authorized more reluctantly than loans, 6; often revised and increased, 7; difficulties of Congress with, 115. Taylor, Hannis, 262. Tennessee, readmitted to the Union, 45; escapes negro domination, 54. Tenure-of-Office Act, 34, 35. Texas, readmitted to Union, 47; through change in, after the Civil War, 204, 205. Thurman, Allen G., 170. Tilden, Samuel J., prosecutes the Tweed ring, 80; Democratic candidate for President in 1876, 80, 81; doubtful result of the election, 83, 84; unwilling to run in 1880, 99. Timber Culture Laws, 155. Tobacco Trust, 330, 331. Transportation, a fundamental factor, 162; creates new standards of living, 162, 163; relation to the trusts, 164, 165; vital to frontier life, 180. Treves, Sir Frederick, praises work in Canal Zone, 317. Trusts, formation of, 163, 164; logical outcome of, 164; influence of transportation, 164, 165; whiskey and sugar, 166; evils of, social or political, 167; difficulty of regulating, 168; investigation ordered, 169; the aim of, 297; Chicago conference on, 298; and strikes, 299, 300; not all "bad," 302; tariff the mother of, 303; the menace of, 309; prosecution of, 320, 321. Tweed, William M., 50, 60. Underwood, Oscar W., 329, 330, 336. Union League, of freedmen, 45.