[154] For analyses of differences between Arabs and Berbers, see Caix de Saint-Aymour, _Arabes et Kabyles_ (Paris, 1891); A. Bel, _Coup d'Oeil sur l'Islam en Berberie_ (Paris, 1917). [155] For short historical summary, see A. C. Coolidge, "The European Reconquest of North Africa," _American Historical Review_, July, 1912. [156] For these nationalist movements in French North Africa, see A. Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_ (Constantine, Algeria, 1913); P. Lapie, _Les Civilisations tunisiennes_ (Paris, 1898); P. Millet, "Les Jeunes-Algeriens," _Revue de Paris_, 1 November, 1913. [157] A good analysis of the pre-revolutionary reformist movements is found in "X," "La Situation politique de la Perse," _Revue du Monde musulman_, June, 1914. See also Vambery, _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_; General Sir T. E. Gordon, "The Reform Movement in Persia," _Proceedings of the Central Asian Society_, 13 March, 1907. [158] See W. Morgan Shuster, _The Strangling of Persia_ (New York, 1912). Also, for earlier phase of the revolution, see E. G. Browne, _The Revolution in Persia_ (London, 1910). [159] E. G. Browne, "The Present Situation in Persia," _Contemporary Review_, November, 1912. [160] Vambery, _La Turquie d'aujourd'hui et d'avant Quarante Ans_, pp. 11-12. [161] For the Tartar revival, see S. Brobovnikov, "Moslems in Russia," _The Moslem World_, January, 1911; Fevret, "Les Tatars de Crimee," _Revue du Monde musulman_, August, 1907; A. Le Chatelier, "Les Musulmans russes," _Revue du Monde musulman_, December, 1906; Fr. von Mackay, "Die Erweckung Russlands asiatischen Voelkerschaften," _Deutsche Rundschau_, March, 1918; Arminius Vambery, _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_; H. Williams, "The Russian Mohammedans," _Russian Review_, February, 1914; "X," "Le Pan-Islamisme et le Pan-Turquisme," _Revue du Monde musulman_, March, 1913. [162] For these activities, see article by "X," quoted above; also Ahmed Emin, _The Development of Modern Turkey as Measured by its Press_ (New York, 1914). [163] For these Pan-Turanian tendencies in Hungary and Bulgaria, see my article "Pan-Turanism," _American Political Science Review_, February, 1917. [164] See article by "X," quoted above; also his article "Les Courants politiques dans la Turquie contemporaine," _Revue du Monde musulman_, December, 1912.