20. =The Atbara.=--The Atbara river flows into the Nile at El-Damer, south of Berber. It is essentially a torrent fed by the rains of north-eastern Abyssinia. The rains here begin early and end early, so that the Atbara is in high flood in August and falls quickly through September. Its floods last from June to October and the river is dry for the remaining months of the year. By dry it is meant that there is no running water, for the bed of the river contains numerous pools of water, which are nearly always deep and often very extensive. Mr. Dupuis has given a rough longitudinal section of the Atbara river. Rising within 16 kilometres of Lake Tsana, at a height of about 2000 metres above sea level, in its first 300 kilometres it falls 1500 metres to 530 metres above sea level, where it is met by the Salaam river. In the next hundred kilometres it falls 40 metres and is joined by the Settit river, a larger and more permanent stream than the Atbara itself. Sixty kilometres lower down is the Khasm-el-Girba gauge, just upstream of Fasher and about 420 kilometres from the Nile. Two hundred kilometres below the Settit junction and about 280 kilometres from the Nile is Gosrejeb, and 150 kilometres lower down Adarma. Finally, after a total length of about 880 kilometres, the Atbara flows into the Nile. The Settit junction is about 490 metres above sea level, Fasher 470 metres, Gosrejeb 410, Adarma 380, and El-Damer about 365 metres above sea level. In the last 280 kilometres there is therefore a fall of 45 metres or about ¹⁄₆₀₀₀. In this reach the river has a width of about 330 metres and depth in flood of 6 metres. Tables 24 and 25 give the behaviour of the river. In 1902 and 1904, two very low years, the maximum discharge was about 2000 cubic metres per second, and in 1903 about 3000 cubic metres. In high floods the Atbara can discharge 5000 cubic metres per second. The principal tributaries of the Atbara are the Salaam and Settit already mentioned. On its right bank between Gosrejeb and Adarma it is joined by the Gaash river, which flows past Kassala and loses itself in the deserts. In years of extraordinary rainfall the Gaash reaches the Atbara. The Gaash at Kassala has a width of 150 metres, depth of 1 metre and approximate discharge of 300 cubic metres per second in an ordinary flood. It has a course of about 160 kilometres before it disappears in the desert.